Virginia yellow flax, woodland flax, woodland yellow flax
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Herbs, perennial, 15–80 cm, glabrous. |
Herbs or subshrubs, annual or perennial, rarely with woody caudex. |
erect, branches 1–several from base, unbranched proximal to inflorescence. |
terete, ridged, or sulcate. |
proximal 4–10 pairs opposite, distal alternate, erect to spreading; stipular glands absent; blade of proximal leaves spatulate, central and distal elliptic, oblanceolate, or obovate, 15–25 × 3–7 mm, margins entire, not ciliate, apex acute to apiculate. |
alternate, opposite, or whorled; stipular glands present or absent; blade margins entire or glandular-toothed, sometimes ciliate. |
corymbs. |
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1–10 mm. |
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sepals persistent, lanceolate-ovate, inner shorter, broader, thinner than outer, outer sepals 2–4 mm, margins not scarious, inner sepals usually with a few small, sessile glands along margin distal to middle, rarely eglandular, outer ones entire, apex acute to acuminate; petals yellow, obovate (sometimes notched at apex), 3–5.5 mm; stamens 1.2–3 mm; anthers 0.5–1 mm; staminodia absent; styles distinct, 1–2 mm; stigmas capitate. |
homostylous; sepals persistent or deciduous, margins scarious or not, glandular-toothed or not; petals yellow, sometimes with maroon at base; staminodia present or absent; styles distinct or connate nearly to apex; stigmas usually capitate, rarely linear. |
globose, carpels flattened or ± concave abaxially, 1.3–1.8 × 2–2.5 mm, apex depressed, dehiscing freely into 10, 1-seeded segments, segments falling freely, false septa nearly complete, proximal margins usually sparsely and inconspicuously few-ciliate. |
dehiscing into 10, 1-seeded segments or 5, 2-seeded segments; false septa incomplete to complete. |
1–1.5 × 0.6–0.9 mm. |
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tricolpate or multiporate. |
= 36. |
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Flowering Jun–Oct. |
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Open woods, fields, thickets, roadsides. |
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0–800 m. (0–2600 ft.) |
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AL; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; MI; MO; NC; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; WV; ON
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Nearly worldwide |
Linum virginianum lacks prominent marginal teeth on the inner sepals, thus distinguishing it from L. striatum. It has a less elongate inflorescence and lacks the ribbed branchlets found in L. striatum (C. M. Rogers 1984). The corollas of L. virginianum are nearly rotate; all parts of the flower are yellow except the brownish anthers. Its capsules shatter readily and often are absent on herbarium sheets. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 85 (30 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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| → 2 |
2. Stigmas linear [subsect. Halolinum]. | L. trigynum |
2. Stigmas capitate [subsect. Linopsis]. | → 3 |
3. Stipular glands present [ser. Linopsis]. | → 4 |
4. Proximal leaves in whorls of 4. | L. schiedeanum |
4. Proximal leaves opposite or alternate. | → 5 |
5. Styles 2–3 mm; petals 4–6.5 mm; Florida. | L. arenicola |
5. Styles 3–6.5 mm; petals 7–11 mm; New Mexico, Texas. | L. rupestre |
3. Stipular glands absent. | → 6 |
6. False septa incomplete, proximal margins ciliate. | → 7 |
7. Capsules turbinate, 2–3 mm; anthers 0.5–1 mm; c, e United States [ser. Virginianum (in part)]. | L. intercursum |
7. Capsules triangular-ovoid to broadly ovoid or ovoid-pyriform, 2.3–4 mm; anthers 1–2.5 mm; w United States [ser. Neomexicana]. | → 8 |
8. Annuals, 15–60 cm; inflorescences thyrses; styles 1.5–3 mm; capsule apices obtuse. | L. neomexicanum |
8. Perennials, 5–30 cm; inflorescences panicles or thyrses; styles 4–7 mm; capsule apices pointed. | L. kingii |
6. False septa nearly complete, proximal margins sparsely or not ciliate [ser. Virginianum (in part)]. | → 9 |
9. Capsules 1.3–2.3 mm, depressed-globose (broader than long) or globose, apices depressed. | → 10 |
10. Margins of inner sepals usually glandular-toothed, rarely entire; mature capsule segments usually persistent on plant. | L. medium |
10. Margins of inner sepals eglandular or with a few small sessile glands; mature capsule segments falling freely. | → 11 |
11. Inflorescences corymbs; pedicels 1–10 mm; carpels flattened or ± concave abaxially. | L. virginianum |
11. Inflorescences panicles; pedicels 0–4 mm; carpels convex abaxially. | L. striatum |
9. Capsules 2–3.9 mm, either pyriform to ovoid or subglobose, apices abruptly short-pointed, obtuse, or 5-apiculate. | → 12 |
12. Leaves mostly opposite; capsules subglobose, apices abruptly short-pointed. | L. westii |
12. Leaves: proximal usually opposite, distal alternate, rarely all alternate; capsules pyriform to ovoid, apices obtuse or minutely 5-apiculate. | → 13 |
13. Margins of inner sepals entire; capsules 3.4–3.9 mm; seeds 2.8–3 mm. | L. macrocarpum |
13. Margins of inner sepals glandular-toothed; capsules 2–3.4 mm; seeds 1.6–2.5 mm. | L. floridanum |
1. Styles connate [subsect. Rigida]. | → 14 |
14. Capsules dehiscing into 10, 1-seeded segments; sepals persistent [ser. Sulcata]. | → 15 |
15. Sepals (3.1–)3.6–5(–7.3) mm, apices acuminate. | L. sulcatum |
15. Sepals 2.3–3.7 mm, apices acute. | L. harperi |
14. Capsules dehiscing into 5, 2-seeded segments; sepals deciduous or persistent [ser. Rigida]. | → 16 |
16. Sepal margins not glandular-toothed. | → 17 |
17. Distal leaves and bracts not ciliate; capsule false septa entirely hyaline, or with cartilaginous portion very narrow, uniform, distal. | L. hudsonioides |
17. Distal leaves and bracts sparsely ciliate; capsule false septa with cartilaginous portion conspicuously broader near base. | L. imbricatum |
16. Sepal margins (some or all) glandular-toothed. | → 18 |
18. Outer sepals ovate or obovate, margins undulate or crenate, with sessile gland near summit of each crenation. | L. alatum |
18. Outer sepals linear, linear-lanceolate, lanceolate, or narrowly ovate, margins glandular-toothed. | → 19 |
19. False septa incomplete, proximal margins terminating in loose fringe; sepals persistent. | → 20 |
20. Styles connate to within 0.8–3 mm of apex; pedicels (5–)20–30(–60) mm; stipular glands absent. | L. subteres |
20. Styles connate to within 0.2 mm of apex; pedicels 2–12 mm; stipular glands usually present. | L. vernale |
19. False septa complete, proximal margins not terminating in loose fringe; sepals usually deciduous. | → 21 |
21. Plants gray-puberulent throughout or puberulent or glabrescent in proximal 1/3. | → 22 |
22. Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, gray-puberulent throughout. | L. puberulum |
22. Subshrubs, puberulent or glabrescent in proximal 1/3, otherwise glabrous. | L. allredii |
21. Plants glabrous, glabrate, scabrous, or puberulent or hirsutulous at base. | → 23 |
23. Sepals linear-lanceolate. | → 24 |
24. Petals obovate; stamens 5–7 mm; styles 4.5–7 mm. | L. aristatum |
24. Petals obcordate; stamens 4–5 mm; styles 3–4 mm. | L. lundellii |
23. Sepals lanceolate to narrowly ovate. | → 25 |
25. Stipular glands usually absent. | → 26 |
26. Styles 2.5–4 mm, petals 6–11 mm. | L. compactum |
26. Styles 3–11 mm, petals 10–18 mm. | → 27 |
27. Petals coppery yellow or orange, red-lined or with short pale to deep brown-red zone at base; styles 5–11 mm; sepal apices sharply acute to acuminate; w, c North America. | L. rigidum |
27. Petals orange-yellow throughout; styles 4–6 mm; sepal apices short-awned; s Florida. | L. carteri |
25. Stipular glands usually present at least at some nodes. | → 28 |
| → 29 |
29. Petals with prominent wine-colored band proximal to middle. | L. elongatum |
29. Petals reddish below middle. | L. berlandieri |
| → 30 |
30. Sepal apices aristate; petals yellow to yellow-orange throughout. | L. australe |
30. Sepal apices acute to acuminate or short-awned; petals yellow to orange, sometimes with reddish base. | → 31 |
31. Sepal apices short-awned; s Florida. | L. carteri |
31. Sepal apices acute to acuminate; c United States. | → 32 |
| L. lundellii |
| L. rigidum |
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FNA vol. 12, p. 385. |
FNA vol. 12, p. 378. |
Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis |
Linaceae > Linum |
L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. carteri, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. usitatissimum, L. vernale, L. westii |
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L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. carteri, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii |
Cathartolinum virginianum |
Linopsis, Mesyniopsis |
Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 279. (1753) |
(Reichenbach) Engelmann: Smithsonian Contr. Knowl. 3(5): 25. (1852) |
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