Linum usitatissimum |
Linum sulcatum |
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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed |
grooved flax, grooved yellow flax, lin à rameaux sillonnés |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. | Herbs, annual, 25–85 cm, glabrous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). |
erect to ascending, unbranched proximally, few to many branches above middle, conspicuously sulcate. |
Leaves | divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. |
proximal 0–13 pairs opposite (often fallen at anthesis), distal alternate, appressed-ascending; stipular glands usually present, very rarely absent; blade linear to narrowly lanceolate, 7–30 × 1–3 mm, margins entire, distal leaves not ciliate, apex acute to subulate; midrib prominent, marginal nerves less conspicuous. |
Inflorescences | open panicles. |
open panicles; bracts glandular-toothed, not ciliate. |
Pedicels | erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. |
1.3–4.7 mm. |
Flowers | homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. |
sepals persistent, lanceolate, (3.1–)3.6–5(–7.3) mm, inner sepals more delicate than outer, shorter, margins not scarious, all very conspicuously glandular-toothed, apex acuminate, central and marginal veins conspicuous; petals pale yellow, obovate, 5–10 mm; stamens 3.3–5.7 mm; anthers 0.3–0.7 mm; staminodia absent; styles connate 0.2–1.8 mm at base, 2–4.5 mm; stigmas capitate. |
Capsules | ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. |
globose, 2.5–3.3 × 2.1–3 mm, apex rounded to acute, dehiscing freely into 10, sharp-pointed, 1-seeded segments; segments persistent on plant, false septa incomplete, margins prominently ciliate. |
Seeds | 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. |
1.6–2.1 × 0.8–1.1 mm. |
2n | = 30. |
= 30. |
Linum usitatissimum |
Linum sulcatum |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering May–Sep. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. | Sandy, gravelly fields, calcareous ledges and barrens, diabase barrens, cedar glades, prairies, alvars, sometimes in open woods, interdunal flats. |
Elevation | 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) | 0–800 m. (0–2600 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
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AL; AR; CT; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; ON; QC
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Discussion | Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Linum sulcatum and L. harperi are the only species of the genus in eastern North America with styles united from the base to the middle and all five sepals persistent and with glandular-toothed margins. In L. sulcatum, all parts of the flower are yellow and the corolla is funnelform. Dried plants of L. sulcatum are pale green. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 374. | FNA vol. 12, p. 386. |
Parent taxa | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Cathartolinum sulcatum | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) | Riddell: W. J. Med. Phys. Sci., 10. (1836) |
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