Linum usitatissimum |
Linum perenne |
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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed |
blue flax, blue garden flax, perennial blue flax, perennial flax, western blue flax |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. | Herbs, perennial, 20–100 cm, glabrous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). |
ascending or erect, usually unbranched. |
Leaves | divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. |
blade linear or linear-lanceolate, 5–20 × 1–3 mm. |
Inflorescences | open panicles. |
much-branched panicles. |
Pedicels | erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. |
spreading, 5–25 mm. |
Flowers | homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. |
heterostylous; inner sepals ovate-lanceolate or ovate, 4.5–5.5 mm, margins glabrous, apex obtuse, outer ones lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, 3.5–4.5 mm, narrower than inner ones, margins glabrous, apex acute or acuminate; petals blue, obovate or obovate-lanceolate, 10–25 mm; stamens 5 mm, anthers 2 mm (long-styled morph) or stamens 6.5 mm, anthers 1.8 mm (short-styled morph); styles distinct, 8 mm (long-styled morph) or 2.5 mm (short-styled morph); stigmas capitate. |
Capsules | ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. |
subglobose, 5–7 mm diam., apex acute to obtuse, segments persistent on plant, margins ciliate or not. |
Seeds | 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. |
3–4.2 × 1.7–2 mm. |
2n | = 30. |
= 18. |
Linum usitatissimum |
Linum perenne |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Mar–Aug. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. | Disturbed areas. |
Elevation | 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) | 100–1000 m. (300–3300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
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AZ; CO; IA; ID; IL; ME; MI; MT; NE; NV; NY; OH; OR; PA; UT; VA; WI; WV; BC; ON; YT; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico (Sonora)]
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Discussion | Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Most collections in North America identified as Linum perenne are most likely L. lewisii var. lewisii (D. J. Ockendon 1971; C. M. Rogers 1984). According to Ockendon, L. perenne is often confused with L. austriacum Linnaeus in Europe; its exact native distribution is not known. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 374. | FNA vol. 12, p. 376. |
Parent taxa | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) |
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