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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed

spring Hill flax

Habit Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. Herbs, perennial, 60–150 cm, glabrous.
Stems

erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering).

erect, unbranched below inflorescence.

Leaves

divergent;

blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm.

proximal opposite, distal alternate, ascending;

stipular glands absent;

blade of cauline leaves narrowly elliptic or linear-oblanceolate, 23 × 4 mm, margins entire, not ciliate, apex acute or apiculate.

Inflorescences

open panicles.

panicles.

Pedicels

erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm.

0–2.5 mm.

Flowers

homostylous;

sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate;

petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm;

stamens 5–7 mm;

anthers 1–1.5 mm;

staminodia present;

styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm;

stigmas linear or clavate.

sepals persistent, lanceolate or oblanceolate to obovate, 2.8–3.8 mm, inner broader, somewhat shorter than outer, margins not scarious, entire, apex apiculate;

petals yellow, obovate, 8–11 mm;

stamens 6 mm;

anthers 0.8 mm;

staminodia absent;

styles distinct, length unknown;

stigmas capitate.

Capsules

ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not.

ovoid, 3.4–3.9 × 3.2–3.5 mm, apex obtuse, dehiscing freely into 10, 1-seeded segments, segments persistent on plant, falling tardily, false septa nearly complete, proximal margins very sparsely and inconspicuously ciliate.

Seeds

4–6 × 2.5–3 mm.

2.8–3 × 1.2 mm.

2n

= 30.

Linum usitatissimum

Linum macrocarpum

Phenology Flowering Apr–Sep. Flowering May–Jul.
Habitat Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. Pitcher-plant seepage bogs, wet longleaf and/or slash pine flatwoods and savannas.
Elevation 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) 0–30 m. (0–100 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; FL; LA; MS
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Linum macrocarpum is known only from about 20 populations in Bay, Franklin, and Okaloosa counties in Florida; St. Tammany Parish in Louisiana; Hancock, Harrison, Jackson, and Stone counties in Mississippi; and Baldwin, Escambia, Mobile, and Washington counties in Alabama. Its range overlaps both varieties of L. floridanum, but L. macrocarpum may be distinguished by its larger capsules, larger seeds, and usually taller stems (B. A. Sorrie, pers. comm.).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 12, p. 374. FNA vol. 12, p. 382.
Parent taxa Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis
Sibling taxa
L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. carteri, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii
L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. carteri, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. usitatissimum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) C. M. Rogers: Brittonia 15: 109, fig. 3(1–4). (1963)
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