Linum usitatissimum |
Linum grandiflorum |
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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed |
flowering flax, flowering or red or scarlet or crimson flax, red flax, scarlet flax |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. | Herbs, annual, 10–60 cm, glabrous, glaucous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). |
ascending or sometimes decumbent at base, usually freely branched. |
Leaves | divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. |
blade linear to lanceolate or narrowly elliptic, 10–30 × 2–3(–7) mm. |
Inflorescences | open panicles. |
cymes, few-flowered. |
Pedicels | erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. |
10–25 mm. |
Flowers | homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. |
heterostylous; sepals lanceolate, 7–11 mm, margins glabrous, apex acuminate; petals bright red to maroon, fading to purple, broadly obovate, 15–30 mm; stamens 8–10 mm; anthers 5 mm; staminodia not seen; styles connate proximal 1/2, 4.5 mm (short-styled) or 8–10 mm (long-styled); stigmas clavate. |
Capsules | ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. |
ovoid-globose, 6–7 mm diam., apex apiculate, segments persistent on plant, margins not seen. |
Seeds | 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. |
2–3 × 0.5–1 mm. |
2n | = 30. |
= 16. |
Linum usitatissimum |
Linum grandiflorum |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Apr–Sep. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. | Disturbed areas. |
Elevation | 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) | 0–2700 m. (0–8900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
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CA; CO; FL; KY; NE; NY; OH; PA; TX; UT; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
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Discussion | Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Linum grandiflorum occasionally escapes from gardens and persists along roadsides and trails. This showy garden plant has blue anthers. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 374. | FNA vol. 12, p. 377. |
Parent taxa | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) | Desfontaines: Fl. Atlant. 1: 277, plate 78. (1798) |
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