Linum usitatissimum |
Linum catharticum |
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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed |
fairy flax, lin purgatif, purging flax, white flax |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. | Herbs, 8–30 cm, glabrous. |
Stems | erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). |
erect, usually unbranched proximal to inflorescence, sometimes branched from decumbent base. |
Leaves | divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. |
blade narrowly elliptic to oblanceolate or narrowly obovate or oblong, larger 5–18 × 1.4–3.1 mm, largest at midstem, reduced in size both proximally and distally, apex obtuse to acute. |
Inflorescences | open panicles. |
panicles. |
Pedicels | erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. |
6–35 mm. |
Flowers | homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. |
sepals broadly lanceolate to ovate, outer sepals 2–3 mm, inner sepals broader, shorter, margins of all or sometimes only of inner sparsely but conspicuously glandular-toothed, apex acute to acuminate; petals white or whitish, base yellowish, 2–5 mm, obovate; stamens 1 mm, anthers 0.2–0.3 mm; styles 0.5–1 mm. |
Capsules | ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. |
ovoid, 2–2.5 × 2 mm, fragile and subject to crushing when pressed; segments persistent on plant, septa margins ciliate. |
Seeds | 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. |
1–1.5 × 0.6–0.8 mm. |
2n | = 30. |
= 16. |
Linum usitatissimum |
Linum catharticum |
|
Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | Flowering Jun–Aug. |
Habitat | Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. | Calcareous or sandy soils, fields, pastures, roadsides. |
Elevation | 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) | 0–400 m. (0–1300 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
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MA; ME; MI; NH; NY; PA; VT; BC; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; Europe; w Asia; Atlantic Islands (Iceland) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in South America (Argentina), Pacific Islands (New Zealand), Australia (Tasmania)]
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Discussion | Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Linum catharticum has small, white, funnelform corollas, yellow anthers, and light green stigmas. It is the only Linum in the flora area with white petals and opposite leaves. The species is widespread in Europe and occurs only sporadically in the northern United States and most of its range in Canada. It may be native in Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, where it is well established. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 374. | FNA vol. 12, p. 377. |
Parent taxa | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Cathartolinum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 281. (1753) |
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