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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed

Carter's flax

Habit Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, 23–60 cm, puberulent or ± scabrous on angles near base or throughout.
Stems

erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering).

erect, usually unbranched below inflorescence, sometimes branched at base.

Leaves

divergent;

blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm.

alternate, spreading;

stipular glands present or absent;

blade linear, 15–30 × 0.6–1.4 mm, margins entire or distalmost glandular-toothed, not ciliate, apex long-attenuate.

Inflorescences

open panicles.

ascending or spreading cymes.

Pedicels

erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm.

4.5–9 mm.

Flowers

homostylous;

sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate;

petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm;

stamens 5–7 mm;

anthers 1–1.5 mm;

staminodia present;

styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm;

stigmas linear or clavate.

sepals deciduous, lanceolate, inner sepals slightly shorter than outer, outer ones 4.5–7 mm, margins of inner sepals narrowly scarious, all glandular-toothed, apex short-awned;

petals orange-yellow, broadly obovate, 10–17 mm;

stamens 4.5–7 mm;

anthers 0.8–2.3 mm;

staminodia absent;

styles connate nearly to apex, 4–6 mm;

stigmas capitate.

Capsules

ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not.

ovoid, 4–5 × 3.4–3.7 mm, thick textured, apex obtuse, dehiscing into 5, 2-seeded segments, segments persistent on plant, false septa complete, proximal part membranaceous, not terminating in loose fringe, distal part cartilaginous, margins ciliate.

Seeds

4–6 × 2.5–3 mm.

2.3–2.8 × 1–1.3 mm.

2n

= 30.

= 60.

Linum usitatissimum

Linum carteri

Phenology Flowering Apr–Sep.
Habitat Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields.
Elevation 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
FL
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

The stems of Linum carteri are ribbed. The corollas are broadly bowl-shaped and all parts of the flower are yellow except the bright green stigmas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Plants 23–30 cm; stems puberulent or scabrous on angles throughout; stipular glands usually present.
var. carteri
1. Plants 30–60 cm; stems sparsely puberulent or scabrous on angles only at base of plant; stipular glands usually absent.
var. smallii
Source FNA vol. 12, p. 374. FNA vol. 12, p. 393.
Parent taxa Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis
Sibling taxa
L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. carteri, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii
L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. usitatissimum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii
Subordinate taxa
L. carteri var. carteri, L. carteri var. smallii
Synonyms Cathartolinum carteri
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) Small: Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 424. (1905)
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