Linum usitatissimum |
Linum carteri |
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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed |
Carter's flax |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. | Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, 23–60 cm, puberulent or ± scabrous on angles near base or throughout. | ||||
Stems | erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). |
erect, usually unbranched below inflorescence, sometimes branched at base. |
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Leaves | divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. |
alternate, spreading; stipular glands present or absent; blade linear, 15–30 × 0.6–1.4 mm, margins entire or distalmost glandular-toothed, not ciliate, apex long-attenuate. |
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Inflorescences | open panicles. |
ascending or spreading cymes. |
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Pedicels | erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. |
4.5–9 mm. |
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Flowers | homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. |
sepals deciduous, lanceolate, inner sepals slightly shorter than outer, outer ones 4.5–7 mm, margins of inner sepals narrowly scarious, all glandular-toothed, apex short-awned; petals orange-yellow, broadly obovate, 10–17 mm; stamens 4.5–7 mm; anthers 0.8–2.3 mm; staminodia absent; styles connate nearly to apex, 4–6 mm; stigmas capitate. |
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Capsules | ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. |
ovoid, 4–5 × 3.4–3.7 mm, thick textured, apex obtuse, dehiscing into 5, 2-seeded segments, segments persistent on plant, false septa complete, proximal part membranaceous, not terminating in loose fringe, distal part cartilaginous, margins ciliate. |
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Seeds | 4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. |
2.3–2.8 × 1–1.3 mm. |
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2n | = 30. |
= 60. |
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Linum usitatissimum |
Linum carteri |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Sep. | |||||
Habitat | Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. | |||||
Elevation | 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) | |||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
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FL |
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Discussion | Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). The stems of Linum carteri are ribbed. The corollas are broadly bowl-shaped and all parts of the flower are yellow except the bright green stigmas. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 374. | FNA vol. 12, p. 393. | ||||
Parent taxa | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | Cathartolinum carteri | |||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) | Small: Bull. New York Bot. Gard. 3: 424. (1905) | ||||
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