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common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed

wing flax

Habit Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. Herbs, annual or short-lived perennial, 10–40 cm, scabrous or puberulent at base, otherwise glabrous.
Stems

erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering).

spreading to suberect, branched at base.

Leaves

divergent;

blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm.

opposite near base or alternate throughout, divergent to widely ascending;

stipular glands present;

blade linear to narrowly linear-lanceolate, 10–30 × 1–3 mm, margins entire, ciliate, apex apiculate.

Inflorescences

open panicles.

panicles;

bracts with irregular scarious margins.

Pedicels

erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm.

3–8 mm, stout.

Flowers

homostylous;

sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate;

petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm;

stamens 5–7 mm;

anthers 1–1.5 mm;

staminodia present;

styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm;

stigmas linear or clavate.

sepals deciduous, inner sepals somewhat shorter than outer, regularly and delicately glandular-toothed, outer sepals ovate or obovate, 6–8 mm, margins widely scarious, undulate or crenate, with sessile gland near apex of each crenation, apex conspicuously aristate;

petals yellow, grading to reddish near base, obovate, 9–18 mm;

stamens 5–8 mm;

anthers 1–2 mm;

with or without staminodia;

styles connate nearly to apex, 5–10 mm;

stigmas capitate.

Capsules

ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not.

ovoid, 3.5–4.5 × 3–3.8 mm, apex obtuse, dehiscing into 5, 2-seeded segments, segments persistent on plant, false septa incomplete, united more than halfway, proximal part membranaceous with basal, 5-sided cartilaginous plates, distal part cartilaginous, constituting more than 1/2 of false septum, margins not ciliate.

Seeds

4–6 × 2.5–3 mm.

2.3–2.8 × 1–1.3 mm.

2n

= 30.

= 30

Linum usitatissimum

Linum alatum

Phenology Flowering Apr–Sep. Flowering Mar–Sep.
Habitat Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. Open sandy areas, beaches.
Elevation 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) 0–300 m. (0–1000 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
LA; TX; Mexico (Tamaulipas)
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Linum alatum has broadly funnelform corollas that are deep yellow distally, grading through a diffuse pale wine red band of color, the red color extending along the petal veins. The filaments, anthers, styles, and stigmas are yellow. The distinct portions of the styles spread at nearly right angles to the style axis, and the styles are sometimes eccentric. The unique gland-tipped crenations of the sepal margins set L. alatum apart from other species. Its thick pedicels and thickened cartilaginous areas on the capsule also are distinctive. The stems of L. alatum are smooth proximally, strongly ribbed distally. The species occurs in Texas in the east-central, Gulf, and southern mesquite plains regions (and adjacent Tamaulipas) with one historical record from southwestern Louisiana.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 12, p. 374. FNA vol. 12, p. 389.
Parent taxa Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis
Sibling taxa
L. alatum, L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. carteri, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii
L. allredii, L. arenicola, L. aristatum, L. australe, L. berlandieri, L. bienne, L. carteri, L. catharticum, L. compactum, L. elongatum, L. floridanum, L. grandiflorum, L. harperi, L. hudsonioides, L. imbricatum, L. intercursum, L. kingii, L. lewisii, L. lundellii, L. macrocarpum, L. medium, L. neomexicanum, L. perenne, L. pratense, L. puberulum, L. rigidum, L. rupestre, L. schiedeanum, L. striatum, L. subteres, L. sulcatum, L. trigynum, L. usitatissimum, L. vernale, L. virginianum, L. westii
Synonyms Cathartolinum alatum
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) (Small) H. J. P. Winkler: in H. G. A. Engler et al., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 19a: 116. (1931)
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