Linum subteres |
Linum usitatissimum |
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slenderfoot flax, sprucemont flax, Utah yellow flax |
common flax, cultivated flax, flax-seed, lin cultivé, lin-seed |
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Habit | Herbs, annual or perennial, 15–50 cm, glabrous and glaucous. | Herbs, annual, 20–100 cm, glabrous or glabrate throughout. |
Stems | stiffly spreading-ascending, branched at base and distal to middle. |
erect, unbranched or few-branched at base (all flowering). |
Leaves | alternate or proximalmost opposite, crowded at base, appressed-ascending; stipular glands absent; blade oblanceolate to lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 8–17 × 1.2–2.3 mm, margins entire, not ciliate, apex apiculate. |
divergent; blade linear to linear-lanceolate, 10–40 × 1.5–5 mm. |
Inflorescences | few-flowered racemes. |
open panicles. |
Pedicels | (5–)20–30(–60) mm. |
erect in fruit, to 20–25 mm. |
Flowers | sepals persistent, lanceolate to lance-ovate, 4.5–7 mm, margins narrowly scarious, inner sepals conspicuously toothed, outer ones very coarsely glandular-toothed, sometimes sparsely so, apex acuminate or narrowly acute; petals lemon yellow, obovate, 9–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–2 mm; staminodia absent; styles connate to within 0.8–3 mm of apex, 5.7–9 mm; stigmas capitate. |
homostylous; sepals ovate, 6–9 mm, margins of inner sepals minutely ciliate, outer ciliate, apex acuminate; petals usually blue, rarely white, obovate, 10–15 mm; stamens 5–7 mm; anthers 1–1.5 mm; staminodia present; styles distinct or connate at base, 3–6 mm; stigmas linear or clavate. |
Capsules | ovoid (distinctly longer than broad), 3.5–4.6 × 2.5–3.1 mm, apex sharp-pointed, dehiscing completely into 5, 2-seeded segments (very easily crushed), segments persistent on plant, false septa incomplete, proximal margins terminating in loose fringe, cartilaginous plates at base of segments poorly developed. |
ovoid to subglobose, 6–10 × 5–10 mm, apex rounded, dehiscing incompletely, segments falling freely, margins ciliate or not. |
Seeds | 2.5–3 × 0.9–1.2 mm. |
4–6 × 2.5–3 mm. |
2n | = 30. |
= 30. |
Linum subteres |
Linum usitatissimum |
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Phenology | Flowering May–Aug. | Flowering Apr–Sep. |
Habitat | Sandy soils, clay, sagebrush and pinyon-juniper zones. | Disturbed areas, roadsides, abandoned homesteads, fields. |
Elevation | 1300–2200 m. (4300–7200 ft.) | 0–2400 m. (0–7900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; NM; NV; UT
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AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NF; NS; NT; ON; QC; SK; Eurasia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in c Mexico, Central America, s South America, Pacific Islands (New Zealand)]
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Discussion | Linum subteres is most closely related to L. vernale; it has lemon yellow petals, rather than orange to salmon-colored with a maroon base, and relatively thick, crowded, broad basal leaves (C. M. Rogers 1984). Leaves on the proximal half of each stem are closely spaced and imbricate; distal branches and inflorescence are widely spaced and subtended by closely appressed, relatively long, narrow leaves or bracts, giving the upper part of the plant a leafless look. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Linum usitatissimum has been cultivated since antiquity, and it is this cultivated form that has naturalized in the wild. Flax fibers twisted to make rope or dyed for fabric dated 32,000–26,000 years before present were found in a cave in Dzudzuana, Georgia (E. Kvavadze et al. 2009). Stem fibers of L. usitatissimum are used to make linen; the seeds are pressed to produce linseed oil; the rest of the seeds are compacted into cakes and used as fodder. Linum usitatissimum is the only species in the flora area except L. bienne that has linear stigmas and minutely ciliate inner sepals. It can be distinguished from L. bienne by its larger, apically rounded capsules. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 12, p. 387. | FNA vol. 12, p. 374. |
Parent taxa | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linopsis | Linaceae > Linum > sect. Linum |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | L. aristatum var. subteres, L. leptopoda | |
Name authority | (Trelease) H. J. P. Winkler: in H. G. A. Engler et al., Nat. Pflanzenfam. ed. 2, 19a: 116. (1931) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 277. (1753) |
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