Lindernia dubia |
Lindernia ciliata |
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false-pimpernel, lindernie douteuse, moist bank pimpernel, yellow-seed false pimpernel |
fringe false-pimpernel |
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Habit | Annuals. | Annuals. |
Stems | erect, ascending, or prostrate, not matted, usually rooting at proximal nodes, 1.5–27(–38) cm. |
erect to decumbent, not matted, sometimes rooting at proximal nodes, 3–20 cm. |
Leaves | cauline, thin; petiole absent; blade spatulate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or obovate, (1–)5–37 × (0.5–)3–18 mm, palmately 3–5-veined or 1-nerved, not leathery, margins entire or remotely, sometimes coarsely, toothed; distal well developed or much reduced. |
cauline, thin; petiole absent; blade oblong to lanceolate, distal sometimes linear, 4–45 × 0.7–12 mm, not leathery, margins sharply aristate-serrate; distal much reduced. |
Pedicels | 0.5–31 mm, 1/2–5 times subtending leaves. |
2–11 mm, 1/2–1[–3] times subtending leaves. |
Flowers | chasmogamous or cleistogamous; chasmogamous: sepals 0.7–6.1 mm, connate to 1/8 lengths; corolla tube and adaxial lip lavender or blue to white, abaxial lobes white with purple to blue markings, tube 2.5–8 mm, adaxial lip 1/2 abaxial; stamens 2; staminodes each with appendage and distal segment. |
sepals 4–6 mm, connate to 1/4 lengths; corolla white, pink, or lavender, abaxial lobes sometimes with darker pink or purple markings, tube 5–7 mm, adaxial lip 3/4 abaxial; stamens 2; staminodes without appendage and distal segment. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, often obliquely, sometimes ovoid or subglobular, 1.4–6.3(–7.5) × 1.2–3.3 mm. |
narrowly lanceoloid to narrowly ellipsoid or cylindric, 12–14 × 1–3.2 mm. |
Seeds | usually 6-angled, usually ribbed. |
ovoid to ellipsoid or oblong, irregularly angled, not ribbed. |
2n | = 18. |
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Lindernia dubia |
Lindernia ciliata |
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Phenology | Flowering year-round. | Flowering Jun–Nov. |
Habitat | Wet ditches, meadows, borders of ponds, lakes, streams, moist to wet disturbed habitats. | Moist, sandy disturbed areas. |
Elevation | 0–2600 m. (0–8500 ft.) | 0–50 m. (0–200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia]
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FL; Asia; Australia [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | In Asia, Lindernia dubia is considered a noxious weed in rice paddies, where it has become resistant to some commonly used herbicides. Lindernia dubia shows extreme morphological plasticity, especially in vegetative characters. This has led to the naming of species and varieties that have been accepted or not in recent treatments (for example, D. Q. Lewis 2000). B. A. Berger (2005) examined variation within the L. dubia complex and concluded that the recognition of these taxa is unwarranted. Variety inundata, an estuarine form from the intertidal zone along the Atlantic Coast, continues to be recognized in several databases. However, W. R. Ferren Jr. and A. E. Schuyler (1980) described the clinal variation in these intertidal populations, ranging from typical Lindernia dubia to this form, with such variation sometimes evident on submerged and emergent parts of the same plant. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
A specimen collected in Hillsborough County in 1992 (Holland & Donovan s.n., USF) represents the first record of Lindernia ciliata in the flora area. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 355. | FNA vol. 17, p. 356. |
Parent taxa | Linderniaceae > Lindernia | Linderniaceae > Lindernia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Gratiola dubia, Ilysanthes dubia, I. inaequalis, I. riparia, L. anagallidea, L. dubia var. anagallidea, L. dubia var. inundata, L. dubia var. riparia | Gratiola ciliata, Bonnaya ciliata |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Pennell: Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 141. (1935) | (Colsmann) Pennell: Brittonia 2: 182. (1936) |
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