Lindernia dubia |
Lindernia antipoda |
|
---|---|---|
false-pimpernel, lindernie douteuse, moist bank pimpernel, yellow-seed false pimpernel |
sparrow false-pimpernel |
|
Habit | Annuals. | Annuals. |
Stems | erect, ascending, or prostrate, not matted, usually rooting at proximal nodes, 1.5–27(–38) cm. |
erect to decumbent, not matted, usually rooting at proximal nodes, 3–17 cm. |
Leaves | cauline, thin; petiole absent; blade spatulate, lanceolate, oblanceolate, elliptic, ovate, or obovate, (1–)5–37 × (0.5–)3–18 mm, palmately 3–5-veined or 1-nerved, not leathery, margins entire or remotely, sometimes coarsely, toothed; distal well developed or much reduced. |
cauline, thin; petiole absent; blade obovate, oblanceolate, or elliptic, distal sometimes linear, (2–)10–25 × (0.4–)3.5–9 mm, pinnately veined to 1-nerved, not leathery, margins shallowly serrate to subentire; distal well developed or much reduced. |
Pedicels | 0.5–31 mm, 1/2–5 times subtending leaves. |
3–15 mm, 1/2–3 times subtending leaves. |
Flowers | chasmogamous or cleistogamous; chasmogamous: sepals 0.7–6.1 mm, connate to 1/8 lengths; corolla tube and adaxial lip lavender or blue to white, abaxial lobes white with purple to blue markings, tube 2.5–8 mm, adaxial lip 1/2 abaxial; stamens 2; staminodes each with appendage and distal segment. |
sepals 5–6 mm, connate to 1/4 lengths; corolla white, lavender, or pink, abaxial lobes sometimes with purple markings, tube 5.5–8 mm, adaxial lip equal to abaxial; stamens 2; staminodes without appendage and distal segment. |
Capsules | ellipsoid, often obliquely, sometimes ovoid or subglobular, 1.4–6.3(–7.5) × 1.2–3.3 mm. |
narrowly lanceoloid, 8–14 × 1.2–3.8 mm. |
Seeds | usually 6-angled, usually ribbed. |
irregularly oblong, ovoid, or rhombic, not ribbed. |
2n | = 18. |
= 36 (India). |
Lindernia dubia |
Lindernia antipoda |
|
Phenology | Flowering year-round. | Flowering Jun–Sep. |
Habitat | Wet ditches, meadows, borders of ponds, lakes, streams, moist to wet disturbed habitats. | Moist to wet roadsides, disturbed areas, pine flatwoods. |
Elevation | 0–2600 m. (0–8500 ft.) | 0–50 m. (0–200 ft.) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; BC; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies [Introduced in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia]
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LA; Asia; Australia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico, South America (Venezuela)] |
Discussion | In Asia, Lindernia dubia is considered a noxious weed in rice paddies, where it has become resistant to some commonly used herbicides. Lindernia dubia shows extreme morphological plasticity, especially in vegetative characters. This has led to the naming of species and varieties that have been accepted or not in recent treatments (for example, D. Q. Lewis 2000). B. A. Berger (2005) examined variation within the L. dubia complex and concluded that the recognition of these taxa is unwarranted. Variety inundata, an estuarine form from the intertidal zone along the Atlantic Coast, continues to be recognized in several databases. However, W. R. Ferren Jr. and A. E. Schuyler (1980) described the clinal variation in these intertidal populations, ranging from typical Lindernia dubia to this form, with such variation sometimes evident on submerged and emergent parts of the same plant. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Lindernia antipoda has only recently been introduced in the Americas; it was first collected in 1979 (Allen, Vincent & Erbe 9259, LAF) from Livingston Parish, Louisiana (K. A. Vincent 1981). It has subsequently been documented from Mexico and Venezuela. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 355. | FNA vol. 17, p. 355. |
Parent taxa | Linderniaceae > Lindernia | Linderniaceae > Lindernia |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Gratiola dubia, Ilysanthes dubia, I. inaequalis, I. riparia, L. anagallidea, L. dubia var. anagallidea, L. dubia var. inundata, L. dubia var. riparia | Ruellia antipoda, Bonnaya antipoda |
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Pennell: Monogr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 1: 141. (1935) | (Linnaeus) Alston: in H. Trimen et al., Handb. Fl. Ceylon 6: 214. (1931) |
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