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purple toad flax

ballast toadflax

Habit Perennials, from taproot, not reproducing vegetatively by stolons. Annuals, not reproducing vegetatively by stolons.
Fertile stems

erect or suberect, to 71(–140) cm;

sterile stems to 18 cm.

ascending to erect, 5–31(–65) cm;

sterile stems to 8(–25) cm.

Leaves

of fertile stems: blade oblanceolate to linear, usually flat, 5–45(–60) × 0.8–4(–8) mm, apex acute or subobtuse.

of fertile stems: blade linear, flat, 3–35(–48) × 0.5–2.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse.

Racemes

1–117-flowered, dense;

bracts linear, 2–5(–5.5) × 0.3–1 mm.

1–9(–25)-flowered, lax, rachis glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.4 mm;

bracts linear, 3–5 × 0.5–1 mm.

Pedicels

erect, 1–3 mm in flower, 2–4(–5) mm in fruit.

erect, 4–7 mm in flower, 5–10 mm in fruit.

Styles

simple;

stigma entire.

2-fid;

stigma with 2 discrete areas.

Corollas

violet to purple, with yellow or lilac palate, 9–13(–17) mm;

tube 1.5–2.5 mm wide, spurs curved, 5–7(–9) mm, subequal to rest of corolla, abaxial lip sinus (0.6–)0.8–1.5(–2) mm, adaxial lip sinus 1 mm.

yellow, 19–26(–30) mm;

tube 2.5–3.5 mm wide, spurs straight or curved, 9–14(–15) mm, subequal to or longer than rest of corolla, abaxial lip sinus 1–2.5 mm, adaxial lip sinus 2–4 mm.

Calyx

lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 1.5–3 × 0.5–1 mm in flower, 2–3.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm in fruit, apex acute or subacute.

lobes linear to linear-lanceolate, 3.5–5.5 × 0.7–1.5 mm in flower, 4–6.5 × 0.8–1.8(–2.2) mm in fruit, apex acute or subacute.

Capsules

subglobular, 2.7–4 × 2.5–3.7 mm, glabrous;

loculi equal.

oblong-ovoid, (2–)3–4.5(–5) × (1.8–)2.2–3.5(–4) mm, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent;

loculi equal or subequal.

Seeds

black or blackish brown, subtrigonous or ± tetrahedral, 0.8–1.2 × 0.6–1 mm, with longitudinal marginal ridges and anastomosed ridges or tubercles on faces;

wing absent.

gray or dark gray, reniform, 0.4–0.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, with conspicuous transverse ridges;

wing absent.

2n

= 12 (Europe).

= 12 (Europe).

Linaria purpurea

Linaria spartea

Phenology Flowering Jun–Oct. Flowering Aug–Sep.
Habitat Disturbed places, railroad rights-of-way, beach foreshores. Dry fields.
Elevation 0–1900 m. (0–6200 ft.) 0–200 m. (0–700 ft.)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR; WA; BC; s Europe (Italy) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in s South America (Argentina), n Europe, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CT; w Europe (s France, Portugal, Spain) [Introduced in North America]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Linaria spartea is known from Fairfield County.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 17, p. 31. FNA vol. 17, p. 32.
Parent taxa Plantaginaceae > Linaria Plantaginaceae > Linaria
Sibling taxa
L. bipartita, L. dalmatica, L. genistifolia, L. grandiflora, L. maroccana, L. repens, L. spartea, L. triornithophora, L. vulgaris
L. bipartita, L. dalmatica, L. genistifolia, L. grandiflora, L. maroccana, L. purpurea, L. repens, L. triornithophora, L. vulgaris
Synonyms Antirrhinum purpureum Antirrhinum sparteum
Name authority (Linnaeus) Miller: Gard. Dict. ed. 8, Linaria no. 5. (1768) (Linnaeus) Chazelles de Prizy: Suppl. Dict. Jard. 2: 38. (1790)
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