Linaria maroccana |
Linaria bipartita |
|
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annual toadflax, baby snapdragon, Moroccan toad flax |
clovenlip toadflax, split lip toadflax |
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Habit | Annuals, not reproducing vegetatively by stolons. | Annuals, not reproducing vegetatively by stolons. |
Fertile stems | erect, 7–70 cm; sterile stems to 13.5 cm. |
erect, 8–65 cm; sterile stems to 11 cm. |
Leaves | of fertile stems: blade linear, flat, 5–35 × 1–5 mm, apex acute or subobtuse. |
of fertile stems: blade linear to linear-oblong, flat, 5–57 × 0.5–3.5 mm, apex acute or obtuse. |
Racemes | 1–41-flowered, lax or dense, rachis glandular-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.7 mm; bracts linear to lanceolate, 4–9 × 0.5–2 mm. |
1–35-flowered, lax or ± dense in flower, lax in fruit, rachis glabrous or sparsely glandular-hairy, hairs 0.1–0.3 mm; bracts linear to linear-lanceolate, rarely lanceolate, 4–8 × 0.5–2.5 mm. |
Pedicels | erect, 4–9 mm in flower, 5–13 mm in fruit. |
erect, 1–7 mm in flower, 2.5–9 mm in fruit. |
Styles | 2-fid; stigma with 2 discrete areas. |
2-fid; stigma with 2 discrete areas. |
Corollas | purple or red, with yellow or red palate, 22–29 mm; tube 2–3.5 mm wide, spurs straight or curved, 12–17 mm, longer than rest of corolla, abaxial lip sinus 1–2 mm, adaxial lip sinus 3–6 mm. |
purple, mauve, or violet, usually with yellow palate, 17–24 mm; tube 2–3.5 mm wide, spurs straight or curved, 8–14 mm, usually longer than rest of corolla, abaxial lip sinus 0.7–1.5 mm, adaxial lip sinus 1.5–3.5 mm. |
Calyx | lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 3–4.5 × 1–2 mm in flower, 3.5–6 × 1–2.5 mm in fruit, apex acute or subacute. |
lobes lanceolate, 3–5 × 0.7–1.5 mm in flower, 3–6 × 1–2 mm in fruit, apex acute or subacute. |
Capsules | oblong, 4–6 × 3–5.2 mm, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent; loculi subequal to unequal. |
oblong-ovoid, 4.5–7 × 3.8–6.3 mm, glabrous or sparsely glandular-pubescent; loculi equal or subequal. |
Seeds | dark gray to black, reniform or trigonous-pyriform, 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, with ± conspicuous transverse ridges; wing absent. |
dark gray to black, reniform or subtrigonous, 0.5–0.7 × 0.3–0.5 mm, with ± conspicuous transverse ridges; wing absent. |
2n | = 12 (Africa). |
= 12 (Africa). |
Linaria maroccana |
Linaria bipartita |
|
Phenology | Flowering Mar–Aug. | Flowering Apr–Sep. |
Habitat | Roadsides, grasslands, dry fields. | Waste ground, roadsides. |
Elevation | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) | 0–1200 m. (0–3900 ft.) |
Distribution |
AZ; CA; CT; FL; MA; ME; NH; NY; VA; QC; SK; n Africa (Morocco) [Introduced in North America; introduced also in n Europe, Australia]
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AZ; CA; NJ; VA; QC; n Africa (Morocco) [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Linaria maroccana has also been collected in British Columbia, Oregon, and Washington; the populations have not persisted. The identity of the plants that have been called Linaria maroccana in North America is controversial. Typical specimens of L. maroccana have fruits strongly asymmetric, with the adaxial loculus continuing beyond the stylar base and curving over the abaxial loculus. The American plants are unusual in having fruits with unequal loculi, with the adaxial loculus usually not curving over the abaxial loculus. The specimens studied probably correspond to cultivated forms (sometimes sold under the name L. maroccana hort.) of hybrid origin between L. maroccana and species of sect. Versicolores [L. bipartita, L. gharbensis Battandier & Pitard, and L. incarnata (Ventenat) Sprengel]. A possible name for these plants would be L. versicolor (Jacquin) Chazelles (Antirrhinum versicolor Jacquin); this issue is, at present, somewhat confusing. The identity of this taxon is not well established, and this name is not currently used in any modern treatment of Linaria. See D. A. Sutton (1988) for more information about the name L. versicolor. Linaria pinifolia (Poiret) Thellung, a perennial species endemic to northern Africa, has been reported (for example, http://data.canadensys.net/vascan/search?lang=en; B. G. Baldwin et al. 2012) from North America. All the examined specimens labeled as L. pinifolia appear to be assignable to L. maroccana. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Glabrous plants (without hairs on the inflorescence axis, calyx bracts, and pedicels) are included in Linaria bipartita. This is the main feature to distinguish it from L. maroccana in absence of mature fruits. Single collections have been found that include both glabrous plants and ones with sparsely hairy calyces and pedicels on the same sheet (for example, New Jersey, Somerset County, Watchung, 11 July 1931, Moldenke 1900, NY), suggesting that L. bipartita may be polymorphic with respect to this feature. Some specimens of Linaria bipartita have been reported as L. incarnata (Ventenat) Sprengel, which is easily separable from L. bipartita by its densely hairy inflorescences [multicellular glandular hairs (0.1–)0.3–1 mm, with purple to violet transverse walls]. At present, there is no specimen evidence of L. incarnata occurring in North America. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 17, p. 32. | FNA vol. 17, p. 32. |
Parent taxa | Plantaginaceae > Linaria | Plantaginaceae > Linaria |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | Antirrhinum bipartitum | |
Name authority | Hooker f.: Bot. Mag. 98: plate 5983. (1872) | (Ventenat) Willdenow: Enum. Pl., 640. (1809) |
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