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heart-pod hoary-cress, heart-pod pepperweed, hoary cress, hoary pepperwort, whitetop

purple-anther field pepper-weed, purple-anther pepperweed, Smith's pepper-grass, Smith's pepperweed, Smith's pepperwort, variable leaf pepperwort, variable-leaf pepperweed

Habit Perennials; (rhizomatous); hirsute or glabrate. Perennials; (caudex branched); hirsute.
Stems

often simple from base, erect or decumbent basally, branched (several) distally, (0.8–)2–6.5(–9) dm.

branched from base, erect to ascending, often decumbent basally, unbranched or branched (few) distally, 1–5 dm.

Basal leaves

(early withered);

not rosulate;

petiole 1–4 cm;

blade obovate, spatulate, or ovate, (1.5–)3–10(–15) cm × 10–40 mm, margins sinuate to dentate or entire.

rosulate;

petiole 1–6.2 cm;

blade oblanceolate or oblong-elliptic, 1–4.5 cm × 4–14 mm, margins entire, repand, or denticulate.

Cauline leaves

sessile;

blade ovate, elliptic, oblong, or lanceolate, oblanceolate, or obovate, (1–)3–9(–15) cm × (5–)10–20(–50) mm, base sagittate-amplexicaul or auriculate, margins dentate or entire, (surfaces pubescent or glabrous).

sessile;

blade oblong to deltate-lanceolate, 1–3.5 cm × 3–8 mm, base sagittate or auriculate, margins dentate to denticulate.

Racemes

(corymbose panicles), slightly or considerably elongated in fruit;

rachis glabrous or puberulent, trichomes straight or curved, cylindrical.

much-elongated in fruit;

rachis hirsute, trichomes spreading, straight.

Flowers

sepals oblong to ovate, 1.5–2.5 × 0.7–1.2 mm;

petals white, obovate, (2.5–)3–4(–4.5) × (1–)1.3–2(–2.2) mm, claw 1–1.7 mm;

stamens 6;

filaments 2–3 mm, (glabrous);

anthers 0.4–0.5 mm.

sepals oblong, 1.6–2.2 × 0.6–1.1 mm;

petals white, spatulate, 1.8–2.8 × 0.8–1.4 mm, claw 1–2 mm;

stamens 6;

filaments 1.8–2.6 mm, (glabrous);

anthers 0.4–0.5 mm.

Fruiting pedicels

ascending to horizontal, straight, (terete), 5–10(–15) × 0.2–0.3 mm, glabrous or sparsely puberulent adaxially.

horizontal, straight or slightly recurved, (terete), 2.8–5 × 0.3–0.4 mm, hirsute.

Fruits

(indehiscent), cordate to subreniform, (2–)2.5–3.7(–4.3) × (3.2–)3.7–5(–5.6) mm, apically (obtuse to subacute), not winged, apical notch absent;

valves thin, smooth, reticulate-veined, glabrous;

style (0.6–)1–1.8(–2) mm.

broadly oblong to ovate, 4–5.5 × 3.5–4 mm, (curved adaxially), apically broadly winged, apical notch 0.2–0.3 mm deep;

valves thin, often not papillate, not veined;

style (0.6–)1–1.5 mm, well-exserted beyond apical notch.

Seeds

ovate, 1.5–2.3 × 1–1.3 mm.

(dark brown), ovoid, 1.8–2.2 × 1–1.2 mm.

2n

= 32, 64.

= 48.

Lepidium draba

Lepidium heterophyllum

Phenology Flowering Apr–Aug. Flowering May–Jun.
Habitat Mountain slopes, roadsides, fields, agricultural lands, stream sides, disturbed grounds, pastures, waste areas Gravel mounds, roadsides, abandoned fields, waste grounds, disturbed sites, gardens, hillsides
Elevation 0-3300 m (0-10800 ft) 0-300 m (0-1000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SD; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; MB; NS; ON; SK; s Europe; sw Asia [Introduced in North America; introduced also in Mexico (Distrito Federal), South America, s Africa, Australia]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; CO; MA; ME; NY; OR; PA; WA; BC; NF; Europe [Introduced in North America]
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Although Lepidium draba is poorly established and known from old collections in the eastern part of the United States, it has become a noxious weed in several western states.

Lepidium draba and its nearest relatives, L. appelianum and L. chalepense, form a monophyletic clade most closely related to L. campestre (K. Mummenhoff et al. 2001). A. Thellung (1906) and C. L. Hitchcock (1936) correctly placed L. draba in Lepidium, as did Linnaeus. The recognition of the first three species in Cardaria and the maintenance of their nearest relative, L. campestre, in Lepidium do not make any sense on both phylogenetic and taxonomic grounds.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

The records from Maine and Massachusetts are based on old collections, and it is not known if Lepidium heterophyllum has become established as part of the weedy flora of those states.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 7, p. 581. FNA vol. 7, p. 582.
Parent taxa Brassicaceae > tribe Lepidieae > Lepidium Brassicaceae > tribe Lepidieae > Lepidium
Sibling taxa
L. acutidens, L. alyssoides, L. appelianum, L. austrinum, L. barnebyanum, L. campestre, L. chalepense, L. coronopus, L. crenatum, L. davisii, L. densiflorum, L. dictyotum, L. didymum, L. eastwoodiae, L. flavum, L. fremontii, L. heterophyllum, L. huberi, L. integrifolium, L. jaredii, L. lasiocarpum, L. latifolium, L. latipes, L. montanum, L. nanum, L. nitidum, L. oblongum, L. ostleri, L. oxycarpum, L. papilliferum, L. paysonii, L. perfoliatum, L. pinnatifidum, L. ramosissimum, L. ruderale, L. sativum, L. sordidum, L. strictum, L. thurberi, L. tiehmii, L. virginicum
L. acutidens, L. alyssoides, L. appelianum, L. austrinum, L. barnebyanum, L. campestre, L. chalepense, L. coronopus, L. crenatum, L. davisii, L. densiflorum, L. dictyotum, L. didymum, L. draba, L. eastwoodiae, L. flavum, L. fremontii, L. huberi, L. integrifolium, L. jaredii, L. lasiocarpum, L. latifolium, L. latipes, L. montanum, L. nanum, L. nitidum, L. oblongum, L. ostleri, L. oxycarpum, L. papilliferum, L. paysonii, L. perfoliatum, L. pinnatifidum, L. ramosissimum, L. ruderale, L. sativum, L. sordidum, L. strictum, L. thurberi, L. tiehmii, L. virginicum
Synonyms Cardaria draba, Cochlearia draba, Nasturtium draba
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 645. (1753) Bentham: Cat. Pl. Pyrénées, 95. (1826)
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