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knotweed, koenigia

iceland koenigia, island koenigia, island purslane, koenigia d'islande

Habit Herbs, annual; taprooted. Plants (0.5–)1–8(–20) cm.
Stems

decumbent, ascending, or erect, glabrous.

often reddish, branched or simple, rooting adventitiously from proximal nodes.

Leaves

cauline, alternate or subopposite, petiolate;

ocrea persistent, chartaceous;

blade spatulate-ovate to orbiculate, margins entire.

ocrea brownish, broadly funnelform, 1–1.5 mm, margins oblique;

petiole (0.1–)2–10 mm;

blade 1–6.5 × 1–5 mm, base tapering to truncate, apex obtuse to acute, glabrous.

Inflorescences

terminal, paniclelike or cymelike, not pedunculate.

Pedicels

absent or present.

0.1–1.5 mm or absent.

Flowers

bisexual, 3–10 per ocreate fascicle, bases not stipelike;

perianth nonaccrescent, greenish, often tinged white or pink distally, narrowly campanulate, glabrous or occasionally with scattered glands;

tepals 3 [4], distinct, sepaloid, monomorphic;

stamens (1–)3[–5];

filaments distinct, free, glabrous;

anthers white or yellowish, ovate to elliptic;

styles 2(–3), erect, distinct;

stigmas capitate.

perianth 0.9–1.8 mm;

tepals ovate to elliptic, margins entire, apex obtuse;

stamens ca. 1/2 as long as tepals.

Achenes

included or barely exserted, light brown or brown to black, unwinged, unevenly 2-gonous, rarely 3-gonous, glabrous.

1–1.8 × 0.7–0.8 mm, dull.

Seeds

embryo curved.

x

= 7.

2n

= 14 (Mongolia, Norway), 28.

Koenigia

Koenigia islandica

Phenology Flowering Jul–Aug, fruiting Aug–Sep.
Habitat Arctic tundra and alpine meadows with permanently moist gravel, especially around persistent snow patches near streams, ponds, and lakes
Elevation 0-4400 m (0-14400 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
Alpine; arctic; and circumpolar; n North America; s South America; n Europe; e Asia
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AK; CO; MT; UT; WY; AB; BC; LB; MB; NT; NU; ON; QC; YT; c Asia; Greenland; n Europe; s South America (Argentina, Chile); e Asia
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species 6 (1 in the flora).

The five other species of Koenigia are endemic to high mountains of southeastern Asia, primarily the Himalayas (O. Hedberg 1997). K. Haraldson (1978) and L.-P. Ronse Decraene and J. R. Akeroyd (1988) placed Koenigia close to Aconogonon based on morphological data. Preliminary molecular data seem to support that relationship (A. S. Lamb Frye and K. A. Kron 2003).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Koenigia islandica is among the smallest of terrestrial flowering plants and one of few annual species in arctic and alpine floras. Some other species exhibit a similar bipolar distribution (e.g., Anemone multifida Poiret, Osmorhiza chilensis Hooker & Arnott, and Carex macloviana D’Urville).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 5, p. 600. Authors: John G. Packer, Craig C. Freeman. FNA vol. 5, p. 601.
Parent taxa Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae Polygonaceae > subfam. Polygonoideae > Koenigia
Subordinate taxa
K. islandica
Name authority unknown: Mant. Pl. 1: 3, 35. (1767): Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 71, 104. (1767) Linnaeus: Mant. Pl. 1: 35. (1767): Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 71, 104. (1767)
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