Juncus gerardii |
Juncus bufonius |
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black needle rush, blackgrass, blackgrass rush, Gerard's rush, saltmarsh rush, saltmeadow rush |
common toad rush, toad rush |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, 2–9 dm. | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. |
Rhizomes | long- creeping. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
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Cataphylls | 1–3. |
0–2. |
Leaves | basal, (1–)2–4; auricles 0.4–0.6(–0.8) mm, scarious; blade flat or somewhat channeled, 10–40 cm × 0.4–0.7 mm, margins entire. |
basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
Inflorescences | 10–30(–80)-flowered, usually loose and somewhat lax, 2–16 cm; primary bract rarely surpassing inflorescence. |
loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals dark brown or blackish, lanceolate-ovate to oblong, 2.6–3.2(–3.8) mm; inner and outer series nearly equal, apex obtuse; stamens 6, filaments 0.4–0.7 mm, anthers 1.1–1.6(–1.8) mm; style 0.4 mm. |
bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
Capsules | chestnut brown or brown, 3-locular, widely ellipsoid, (2.2–)2.5–3.2(–3.5) × 1.3–1.9 mm. |
tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
Seeds | dark brown, ellipsoid to lunate, 0.485–0.6(–0.67) mm, not tailed. |
yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
2n | = ca. 80, 84. |
= 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
Juncus gerardii |
Juncus bufonius |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting late spring–summer. | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. |
Habitat | Forming extensive colonies in exposed coastal estuary meadows and salt marshes just above high- tide line, also inland | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy |
Distribution |
CO; CT; DE; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; OR; PA; RI; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; SPM; Greenland; Europe; Asia
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AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bulbosus var. gerardii, J. fucensis, J. gerardii var. pedicellatus | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius |
Name authority | Loiseleur-Deslongchamps: J. Bot. (Desvaux) 2: 284. (1809) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) |
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