Juncus bufonius |
Juncus squarrosus |
|
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common toad rush, toad rush |
heath rush, mosquito rush, mosquito rush (vascan) |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, cespitose to mat-forming, 2–5 dm. |
Rhizomes | short, nearly erect, branching. |
|
Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
1(–2). |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
2–4. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal, 3–6; auricles 0.2–0.4 mm, membranous to scarious; blade arcuate, spreading, grayish green, channeled, 7–30 cm × 1–2 mm, nearly leathery, margins entire. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
terminal, 7–40-flowered, somewhat loose, 3–10 × 1–2 cm; primary bract usually shorter than inflorescence. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
pedicels 0.5–2 mm; bracteoles 2; tepals brown to blackish, 4–5.5 mm; outer and inner series nearly equal, apex obtuse to nearly acute; stamens 6, filaments 0.5 mm, anthers 1.5–2 mm; style 0.2 mm. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
brownish, 3-locular, ovoid to ellipsoid, 4–5 × 2.3–3 mm, nearly equal to perianth. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
brownish, ellipsoid, 0.6–0.9 mm, not tailed. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
= 42. |
Juncus bufonius |
Juncus squarrosus |
|
Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Flowering and fruiting late spring–summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Moist, open sites and bogs, occasionally disturbed areas |
Elevation | 20–200 m (100–700 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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WI; Greenland; native; Europe [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 327. (1753) |
Web links |
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