Juncus bufonius |
Juncus secundus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
lopside rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, short-lived perennial, cespitose, 1.5–7 dm. |
Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
1–30. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal, (1–)2–3; auricles 0.2–0.4(–0.6) mm, scarious; blade flat, 10–30 cm × 0.5–1 mm, margins entire. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
5–15(–30)-flowered, usually somewhat loose, 1–5 cm; primary bract usually shorter than inflorescence. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
chiefly along inner side of branches; bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.3–4.4 mm; outer and inner series equal, apex acuminate; stamens 6, filaments 0.5–0.9 mm, anthers 0.4–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
tan or light brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid, (3.3–)3.8–4.7 mm, nearly equal to tepals. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
tan, ellipsoid to lunate, 0.5–0.6(–0.7) mm, not tailed. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
= ca. 80. |
Juncus bufonius |
Juncus secundus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Flowering and fruiting spring. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Exposed sites, usually with well-drained sandy soil, often associated with shallow bedrock |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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AL; AR; CT; DE; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MO; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; TN; VA; VT; WV; NS; ON
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | P.. Beauvois ex Poiret: in J. Lamarck et al., Encyclopedie Methodique. Botanique... Supplement 3: 160. (1813) |
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