Juncus bufonius |
Juncus phaeocephalus |
|
---|---|---|
common toad rush, toad rush |
brown-head rush |
|
Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 2–9 dm. |
Rhizomes | 2–3 mm diam. |
|
Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect, 2–5 mm diam. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
2, chestnut brown, apex acute. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 2, cauline 1–2, light green; auricles absent; blade 1–15 cm × 2–5 mm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
panicles of (2–)10–77 heads, 2–9.5 cm with ascending to erect branches, or heads solitary; primary bract erect; heads 3–35-flowered, spheric to obovoid, 0.5–1.2 mm diam. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals dark brown to purplish brown, lanceolate, 3.3–4.8 mm, nearly equal; outer tepals acuminate, mucro subulate; inner tepals acuminate or cuspidate, mucro subulate; stamens 6, anthers 2–3 times length of filaments. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
included, chestnut brown or straw-colored, 1-locular, oblong, 3.8–5.6 mm (including beak), apex acute proximal to beak, beak slightly exserted. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
obovoid, 0.5–0.6 mm, not tailed. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
|
Juncus bufonius |
Juncus phaeocephalus |
|
Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Fruiting summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Meadows and borders of swamps |
Elevation | 100–300 m (300–1000 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
|
CA; OR; WA; Mexico (Baja California)
|
Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Plants with more than 10 heads of 3–12 flowers have been separated as Juncus phaeocephalus var. paniculatus Engelmann. This variety is very similar to the neext species (Juncus macrandrus) and is probably better treated as part of that species. Until a more thorough study has been made of the entire subgenus, we are hesitant to make such a transfer. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Ensifolii |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | J. phaeocephalus var. paniculatus |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Engelmann |
Web links |
|