Juncus bufonius |
Juncus pervetus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
blunt-flower rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 7–10 dm. |
Rhizomes | 3–7 mm diam., nodes not swollen. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect, terete, 2–4 mm diam. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
2–3, straw-colored, apex rounded. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 0, cauline 1; auricles 0.5–1.5 mm, apex blunt, cartilaginous; blade 25–35 cm × 1–2 mm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
terminal panicles of 24–60 heads, 5–10 cm, branches spreading; primary bract erect; heads 15–50-flowered, spheric, 4.5–6 mm diam. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals light brown, lanceolate to oblong, 2–2.5 mm, nearly equal; stamens 6, anthers longer than filament. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
included with beak slightly exserted, chestnut brown, 3-locular, ovoid, 2.5 mm, apex acute proximal to beak, valves separating at dehiscence, fertile throughout or only proximal to middle. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
not seen. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus pervetus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Fruiting fall. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Upper border of salt marsh |
Elevation | 0 m (0 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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MA |
Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
All sheets that I have seen have aborted seeds. Juncus pervetus was thought to be Juncus subnodulosus, a European native (H. Weimarck 1946). It has been shown that this is a distinct species, however (S. Snogerup and B. Snogerup 1996). It would appear that this species is now extinct. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Septati |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Fernald: Rhodora 19: 17. (1917) |
Web links |
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