Juncus bufonius |
Juncus nodatus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
stout rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, cespitose, 3–10 dm. |
Roots | without terminal tubers. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect, terete, 4–6 mm diam., smooth. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
1–2, straw-colored, apex acute. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 1–2, cauline 1–2; auricles 1.2–1.5 mm, apex rounded, scarious; blade straw-colored or green, terete, 20–65 cm × 1.1–3.5 mm, with prominent and conspicuous ringlike bands at position of cross partitions; distal cauline leaves reduced to 2.5 cm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
terminal panicles of 30–250 heads, 8–12 cm, branches spreading; primary bract erect to ascending; heads 2–10-flowered, broadly obovoid to hemispheric, 0.3–0.5 mm diam. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals straw-colored, lance-subulate, apex acuminate; outer tepals 1.9–2.2 mm; inner tepals 1.7–2.1 mm; stamens 3, anthers equal filament length. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
exserted, straw-colored, 1-locular, ovoid, 1.9–2.5 mm, apex acute, valves separating at dehiscence. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
oblong or ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm, not tailed; body clear yellow-brown. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus nodatus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Fruiting late spring–late summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Commonly in shallow water, marshy shores, sloughs, wet flatwoods, and savannas, bogs, ditches, wet woods, shores, in standing water to 3 ft 1 m deep |
Elevation | 100–200 m (300–700 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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AL; AR; FL; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MO; OK; TN; TX
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Septati |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | J. acuminatus var. robustus, J. robustus |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Coville: in N. L. Britton and A. Brown, Ill. Fl. N. U.S., ed. 2 1: 482. (1913) |
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