Juncus bufonius |
Juncus maritimus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
sea rush, seaside rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, 5–10 dm. |
Rhizomes | thick. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
closely set along rhizomes, 2–3.5 mm diam. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
3–5. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal, 2–4; auricles absent; blade terete, 40–60 cm × 1–2 mm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
glomerules, to 100, each with 2–4 flowers, congested to open, 5–19 × 2–5 cm; primary bracts somewhat inflated, usually surpassing inflorescence. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals straw-colored; outer series 2.8–2.9 mm, apex acute; inner series elliptic, 2.3–2.5 mm, apex obtuse; stamens 6, 1.4–1.9 mm, anthers 2 times length of filaments; style 1–1.2 mm. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
straw-colored, 3-locular, ovoid to ellipsoid, 2.5–3.5 × 1.2– × 1.5 mm, nearly equal to slightly exceeding perianth. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
brown, ellipsoid, body 0.6–0.7 mm, tails 0.5–1.2 mm. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
= 40, 48. |
Juncus bufonius |
Juncus maritimus |
|
Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Flowering and fruiting summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Coastal salt marshes, saline meadows, and sand dunes |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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NY; Europe; Asia; Africa [Introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
It is believed that this species has not been collected in North America since the late 1800s, when it was known to occur on Long Island, New York. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Juncus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Lamarck: in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 3: 264. (1789) |
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