Juncus bufonius |
Juncus macrandrus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
long-anther rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 2.6–6.5 dm. |
Rhizomes | 1.5–3.5 mm diam. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect, 1.5–3 mm diam. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
2, chestnut brown, apex acute. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 2, cauline 1–2, light green; auricles absent; blade 2.5–20.5 cm × 2–3 mm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
panicles of 10–50 heads, 4–10 cm, ascending to erect branches; primary bract erect; heads 3–22-flowered, obovoid to hemispheric, 5–11 mm diam. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals dark brown to purplish brown, lanceolate, 3–4 mm, nearly equal; outer tepals acuminate, mucro subulate; inner tepals acuminate or cuspidate, mucro subulate; stamens 6, anthers 2.5–3 times filament length. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
included, chestnut brown, 1-locular, oblong, 2.3–3.2 xx–xx mm (including beak), apex acuminate proximal to beak, beak slightly exserted. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
obovoid, 0.5–0.6 mm, not tailed. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus macrandrus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Fruiting summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Wet places, montane conifer forests |
Elevation | 1700–2900 m (5600–9500 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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CA
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Ensifolii |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Coville: in L. Abrams and R. S. Ferris, Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States 1: 367, fig. 900. (1923) |
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