Juncus bufonius |
Juncus ensifolius |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
dagger rush, dagger-leaf rush, sword-leaf rush, three-stamen rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, rhizomatous, 2–6 dm. | ||||
Rhizomes | 2–3 mm diam. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect, 2–6 mm diam. |
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Cataphylls | 0–2. |
0 or 1–2, straw-colored, apex narrowly acute. |
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Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 1–3, cauline 2–6, straw-colored; auricles absent; blade 2–25 cdm x 1.5–6 mm. |
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Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
panicles or racemes of 2–50 heads or heads solitary, 2–14 cm, erect or ascending branches; primary bract erect; heads 3–70-flowered, obovoid to globose, 7–11 mm diam. |
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Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals green to brown or reddish brown, lanceolate; outer tepals 2.7–3.6(–4) mm, apex acuminate; inner tepals 2.2–3(–3.5) mm, nearly equal, apex acuminate; stamens 3 or 6; anthers ½1/2 to equal filament length. |
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Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
included to slightly exserted, chestnut to dark brown, 1-locular, oblong, 2.4–4.3 mm, apex obtuse proximal to beak. |
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Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
elliptic to obovate, 0.4–1 mm, occasionally tailed. |
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2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus ensifolius |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | |||||
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | |||||
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; NY; OR; SD; TX; UT; WA; WI; WY; AB; BC; ON; QC; SK [Introduced in Europe and East Asia]
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Varieties 2 (2 in the flora). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. | ||||
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Ensifolii | ||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |||||
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Wikstrom: Kongl. Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar 2: 274. (1823) | ||||
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