Juncus bufonius |
Juncus drummondii |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
Drummond rush, Drummond's rush, three-flower rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, strongly tufted, to 4 dm. |
Rhizomes | densely short-branched. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
terete. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
several. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
blade absent or rarely present, to 1 cm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
2–5-flowered, loosely compact; primary bract usually longer than inflorescence. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
pedicellate; tepals brown to chestnut brown with green midstripe, lanceolate or widely so, (4–)5–8 mm, margins clear; inner series loosely subtending capsule at maturity, shorter; stamens 6, filaments 0.7–1 mm, anthers 1.1–1.6 mm; style 0.2 mm. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
brown to chestnut brown, 3-locular, oblate, 4.5–7(–8) × 1.8–2.2 mm, nearly equal to or exceeding perianth. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
amber, body oblate, 0.5–0.6 mm. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus drummondii |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Flowering and fruiting summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Exposed slopes, stream banks, and meadows in montane and alpine areas |
Elevation | 1600–4000 m (5200–13100 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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AK; AZ; CA; CO; ID; MT; NM; NV; OR; UT; WA; WY; AB; BC; NT; YT
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Plants with capsules distinctly longer than the perianth have been referred to as Juncus drummondii var. subtriflorus. Those plants frequently occur sympatrically with J. drummondii (strict sense) through most of its range, leaving considerable doubt as to the value of recognizing such variation. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Genuini |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | J. compressus var. subtriflorus, J. drummondii var. longifructus, J. drummondii var. subtriflorus, J. subtriflorus, J. pauperculus |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | E. Meyer: in C. F. von Ledebour, Flora Rossica 4: 235. (1853) |
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