Juncus bufonius |
Juncus cooperi |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
Cooper's rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, robust, tufted, 4–10 dm. |
Rhizomes | short. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
terete, 1.5–2.5 mm diam. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
several, reddish brown, often apiculate. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal, 1–2; auricles essentially absent; blade terete, 10–40 dcm, shorter than culm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
glomerules 3–12, each with (1–)2–5 flowers, open, branches unequal, 3–12 cm, primary bract terete or slightly compressed, shorter to longer than inflorescence. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals straw-colored to pale green, ovate-lanceolate, 4–5 mm, apex acuminate or setaceous; inner series elliptic, nearly equal, margins wide, scarious, apiculate; stamens 6, filaments 1 mm, anthers 1.5–2 mm; style 1 mm. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
tan to light reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid, 3.7–4.5 ×1.6–2 mm, mostly shorter than or nearly equal to perianth. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
dark amber, obovoid, body 0.7–1 mm, tails 0.1–0.5 mm. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus cooperi |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Flowering and fruiting spring–summer. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Saline flats and meadows or edges of salt marshes |
Elevation | below 600 m (below 2000 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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AZ; CA; NV; UT; Mexico |
Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Juncus |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Engelmann |
Web links |
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