Juncus bufonius |
Juncus bulbosus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
bulbous rush, spreading rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, cespitose, often with basal bulblike swellings, occasionally appearing rhizomatous, 0.3–3 dm, to 10 dm when floating or submersed. |
Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect or decumbent and rooting at nodes, or floating, terete, 1–2 mm diam., smooth. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
1, straw-colored, apex acute. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 1, cauline 0–1; auricles 0.4–1 mm, apex acute, scarious; blade terete, occasionally filiform, flaccid, forming carpets, 2–10 cm × 0.8–1.4 mm. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
terminal racemes of 1–8(–30) heads, or single head, 2–10 cm, branches erect; primary bract erect; heads 2–6(–15)-flowered, obconic, 4.5–6.5 mm diam. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
often forming bulbils; tepals pale brown, ovate to lanceolate or inner oblong, 2–3.6 mm, nearly equal, apex acute to obtuse; stamens 3 or 6, anthers 3/4 to equal filament length. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
equaling perianth or exserted (to 0.5 mm beyond tepals), chestnut brown, 1-locular, cylindric, 2.5–4 mm, apex obtuse proximal to beak, valves separating at dehiscence. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
ellipsoid, 0.5–0.6 mm, not tailed; body clear yellow-brown. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
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Juncus bufonius |
Juncus bulbosus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Fruiting mid summer–early fall. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Margins and siliceous or peaty shores of pools and streams, often floating |
Elevation | 0–200 m (0–700 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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OR; WA; BC; NF; NS; SPM; Europe; n Africa [Probably introduced in North America] |
Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Septati |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | J. kockii, J. supinus |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 327. (1753) |
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