Juncus bufonius |
Juncus brachycarpus |
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common toad rush, toad rush |
short-fruit rush, white-root rush |
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Habit | Herbs, annual, cespitose, 0.5–4 dm. | Herbs, perennial, not cespitose, rhizomatous, (3–)4.5–8(–9) dm. |
Rhizomes | tuberous, 3–4 mm diam. |
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Culms | 1–many, occasionally becoming decumbent. |
erect, terete, 2–3 mm diam., smooth. |
Cataphylls | 0–2. |
0(–1), straw-colored, apex acute. |
Leaves | basal and cauline; auricles rudimentary or absent; blade flat, 3–13 cm × 0.3–1.1 mm. |
basal 1–2, cauline 2–4, auricles 0.5–3.5 mm, apex rounded, scarious; blade green to straw-colored, terete, 3–50 cm × 1–2 mm diam. |
Inflorescences | loose and diffuse or less often compact, usually at least ½1/2 total height of plant; primary bract shorter than inflorescence. |
terminal panicles of 2–10(–20) heads or a single head, 1–4(–10) cm, branches ascending; primary bract erect; heads 30–100-flowered, spheric, 8–10 mm diam. |
Flowers | bracteoles 2; tepals greenish, lanceolate, 3.8–7(–8.5) mm; inner series slightly shorter, apex sometimes obtuse; stamens 3–6, filaments (0.7–)1–1.8 mm, anthers 0.3–0.8 mm; style 0.1–0.2 mm. |
tepals green to straw-colored, often red-tinted, lanceolate-subulate, apex acuminate; outer tepals 2.5–3.8 mm; inner tepals 2–3.2 mm; stamens 3, anthers 1/4–1/2 filament length. |
Capsules | tan to reddish brown, 3-locular, ellipsoid to narrowly so, slightly truncate, 2.7–4 × 1–1.5 mm, sometimes exceeding inner tepals but usually not outer series. |
included, chestnut brown, 1-locular, obconic or ovoid, 1.8–2.7 mm, apex obtuse, valves separating at dehiscence, fertile throughout or only proximal to middle. |
Seeds | yellowish, widely ellipsoid to ovoid, 0.26–0.49, not tailed. |
ellipsoid to oblique-oblong, 0.3–0.4 mm, not tailed; cody clear to yellow-brown. |
2n | = 27–37, 58–81, 108–115. |
= 44. |
Juncus bufonius |
Juncus brachycarpus |
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Phenology | Flowering and fruiting spring–early fall. | Fruiting mid summer–fall. |
Habitat | Moist soils in meadows, along lakeshores or stream banks, ditches, or roadsides, especially frequent in drawdown areas, usually in open sites and often becoming weedy | Damp clayey, peaty, or sandy soils, swamps, ditches, ponds, wet woods, wet prairies |
Elevation | 0–500 m (0–1600 ft) | |
Distribution |
AK; AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NL; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; YT; Greenland; nearly worldwide
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AL; AR; CT; DE; FL; GA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WV; ON
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Discussion | Nearly worldwide, Juncus bufonius is found essentially throughout North America except north of the Alaskan and Canadian tTaiga. Juncus bufonius is a highly polymorphic complex that is poorly understood systematically. Insufficient evidence exists upon which to base the segregation of the plethora of taxa that have been recognized out of this group in the past. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 22. | FNA vol. 22. |
Parent taxa | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Poiophylli | Juncaceae > Juncus > subg. Septati |
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | J. bufonius var. congestus, J. bufonius var. halophilus, J. bufonius var. hybridus, J. bufonius var. occidentalis, J. bufonius var. ranarius, J. congestus, J. ranarius | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 328. (1753) | Engelmann: in A. Gray, Manual of Botany of the Northern United States (ed. 5) 542. (1867) |
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