Flora of North America species comparison

with stipe short to absent, secondary stems 2–4 cm, not julaceous when dry, irregularly branched, sometimes close, branches arching downward, branches of secondary system sharp-tipped, flagelliform branches frequently present, 2–5 cm, attenuate, with narrower smaller leaves;

pseudoparaphyllia foliose, sometimes toothed, often blunt and broad.

and branch leaves often differentiated, loosely appressed, usually ovate, usually concave;

base decurrent;

costa single or double, short, sometimes weak on stipe and stem leaves and strong on branch leaves;

alar cells usually well differentiated, usually quadrate, often excavate;

medial laminal cells short to linear, smooth or prorulose.

1–2 cm.

long or sometimes short, smooth or roughened throughout or distally.

dioicous.

1–1.5 mm.

erect or sometimes horizontal, cylindric, symmetric or sometimes curved;

annulus usually differentiated;

operculum conic to short-rostrate, straight;

peristome double, perfect or sometimes reduced;

exostome, when not reduced, with external surface cross striolate proximally, papillose distally, when reduced, striate, papillose, or smooth;

endostome basal membrane high or low, segments long, narrowly perforate, cilia nodose or appendiculate.

cucullate, smooth or slightly roughened, naked or hairy.

stem leaves broadly or narrowly triangular;

margins nearly entire;

apex sometimes attenuate; ecostate or costa present;

alar cells barely differentiated, region small, to 1/10 leaf length.

leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate;

margins toothed throughout, most strongly in apiculus;

apex attenuate;

costa to 2/3 leaf length;

alar cells usually shorter, except in shoot decurrent portion, region well defined, small, sometimes excavate, at marginal insertion.