Iris pseudacorus |
Iridaceae |
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fleur-de-lis, horticultural iris, iris jaune, pale-yellow iris, yellow flag, yellow iris, yellow water iris |
iris family |
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Habit | Herbs, perennial, rarely annual [or shrubs with woody caudex], evergreen or seasonal, sometimes cespitose; rootstock a rhizome, bulb, or corm. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Rhizomes | pink, freely branching, producing extensive clumps, 2–3 cm diam., with fibrous remains of old leaves; roots fleshy. |
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Stems | usually 1-branched, solid, 7–15 dm. |
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Flowering stems | aerial (or subterranean in Romulea), simple or branched, terete or variously compressed, angled or winged. |
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Leaves | basal deciduous, at first erect, then recurved, blade dark green, with prominent median thickening, 4–10 dm × 2–3 cm, slightly glaucous basally; cauline equaling inflorescence unit. |
basal and cauline, distichous; proximal 2–3 sometimes membranous, not reaching much above ground; others with open or closed sheaths, usually unifacial [bifacial or terete], oriented edgewise to the stem; blade parallel-veined, plane or pleated, channeled. |
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Inflorescences/ |
4–12-flowered; spathes green with brown margins, outer spathe strongly keeled, inner without keel, 6–9 cm, subequal, margins not scarious. |
umbellate, monochasial cymes (rhipidia), spikes, or solitary flowers; rhipidia enclosed in 2, opposed, usually large, leafy to dry bracts (spathes); flowers except for the first subtended by 1 floral bract; spike flowers each subtended by 2, opposed bracts. |
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Flowers | perianth bright yellow; floral tube 0.6–0.8 cm, with no constriction into ovary; sepals bright yellow or cream colored, lanceolate to ovate or suborbiculate, 5–7.5 × 3–4 cm, base abruptly attenuate, claw ca. 1/2 length of limb, signal a darker yellow basal patch limited by short, brown lines; petals without veining, lanceolate to spatulate, 2–3 cm; ovary triangular in cross section with concave sides and narrow groove at each angle, 1.5 cm; style keeled, 3–4 cm, crests spreading, 1–1.2 cm, laciniate at apex; stigmas rounded with prominent tongue; pedicel 2.5–7 cm. |
usually pedicellate [± sessile]; perianth actinomorphic or zygomorphic, petaloid, with 2 equal or unequal whorls of 3 tepals each [1 whorl of 6]; tepals usually large, showy, distinct or connate in tube; stamens 3 [2], inserted at base of outer tepals or in tube, symmetrically arranged or unilateral, arcuate [declinate]; filaments distinct or partly to completely connate, sometimes weak, unable to support anthers; anthers with 2 pollen sacs, extrorse, occasionally latrorse, usually dehiscing longitudinally [rarely apically]; ovary inferior [superior in Tasmanian Isophysis], 3-locular [1-locular]; placentation axile [parietal]; ovules 2–few, anatropous; style single, filiform at least proximally, usually 3-branched or 3-lobed, branches either filiform, distally expanded, sometimes each divided in distal 1/2, stigmatic toward apices, or branches thickened, or flattened, petaloid, stigmas then abaxial below apices. |
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Fruits | capsular, loculicidal, rarely indehiscent, firm to cartilaginous, occasionally woody. |
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Capsules | prismatic to oblong-ovoid, obscurely 3-angled with obvious groove at each angle, 3.5–6 cm, beak 5 mm. |
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Seeds | D-shaped, flattened, 6–7 mm, corky, lustrous. |
globose to angular (prismatic) or discoid, sometimes broadly winged; seed coat usually dry (rarely fleshy); endosperm hard, with reserves of hemicellulose, oil, and protein; embryo small. |
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2n | = 34. |
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Iris pseudacorus |
Iridaceae |
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Phenology | Flowering Apr–Jun. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Swamps, wet shores of rivers and lakes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; CA; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; ME; MS; NC; NH; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; WA; WV; BC; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC; Eurasia; n Africa [Introduced in North America]
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Nearly worldwide but rare in tropical lowlands; best represented in southern Africa |
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Discussion | Genera ca. 65, species ca. 1810 (16 genera, 92 species; 9 genera, 19 species introduced, and various hybrid complexes in the flora). Iridaceae are currently divided into four subfamilies (P. Goldblatt 1990, 1991). Subfamily Isophysidoideae Takhtajan is monotypic, comprising the Tasmanian Isophysis T. Moore with a superior ovary. Only subfamily Iridoideae is native in North America. The remaining Nivenioideae Schulze ex Goldblatt and Ixioideae Klatt are centered in Africa south of the Sahara. Iridaceae are of considerable economic importance in ornamental horticulture and the cut-flower industry, especially Iris, Gladiolus, and Freesia. Several other genera (e.g., Crocus, Dietes, Sparaxis, Tritonia, Watsonia) are cultivated in gardens in both tropical and temperate areas. Moraea and Homeria are poisonous and pose significant problems in cattle- and sheep-raising areas, notably in southern Africa. In addition to the several genera and species escaped from cultivation and dealt with in detail below, the following are widely grown in areas of mild winter and may persist in and near abandoned gardens, sometimes reproducing successfully: Dietes Salisbury [D. iridioides (Linnaeus) Salisbury ex Klatt, D. grandiflora N. E. Brown]; Ixia Linnaeus (I. maculata Linnaeus, I. polystachya Linnaeus); Crocus cultivars and even some wild species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 26, p. 390. | FNA vol. 26, p. 348. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Iridaceae > Iris > subg. Limniris > sect. Limniris > ser. Laevigatae | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 38. (1753) | Jussieu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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