FNA: Ipomoea pes-caprae vs. Ipomoea

Distribution

tropical regions; original distribution unknown; now world-wide in subtropical and tropical climates

North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies; Eurasia; Africa; Indian Ocean Islands; Pacific Islands; Australia

[BONAP county map]

Discussion

Subspecies 2 (1 in the flora).

Subspecies pes-caprae in known from coastal and island shores around and in the Indian Ocean.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Species 600+ (47, including 1 hybrid, in the flora).

Reports by J. T. Kartesz and C. A. Meacham (1999) of Ipomoea cordifolia Carey ex Voight from Alabama and I. meyeri (Sprengel) G. Don from Georgia have not been verified. Ipomoea horsfalliae Hooker is cultivated in Florida; it is not known to be established or recurrent in the flora area.

In protologue, Ipomoea gilana K. Keith & J. A. McDonald was reported to be similar to I. lindheimeri and to nest phylogenetically near I. orizabensis (G. Pelletan) Ledebour ex Steudel, which, in the broad sense, is known from Chihuahua, Mexico, and southward. Ipomoea gilana is known from the Black Range in southwestern New Mexico and will key here to I. indica.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key

1. Corollas ± salverform, (funnelform-salverform in I. thurberi; limb sometimes ± campanulate in I. muricata and I. setosa).	→ 2
2. Flowers diurnal (open all day); corollas usually orange, red, red and yellow, or red-orange, sometimes white (cultivars of I. coccinea and I. quamoclit), 14–50 mm.	→ 3
3. Perennials; corollas red.	I. microdactyla
3. Annuals; corollas usually red, red and yellow, or red-orange, sometimes white (cultivars of I. coccinea and I. quamoclit).	→ 4
4. Leaf blades palmati-pinnate or pinnatisect.	→ 5
5. Leaf blades palmati-pinnate, lobes 7–11+.	I. sloteri
5. Leaf blades pinnatisect, lobes 19–41+.	I. quamoclit
4. Leaf blades not palmati-pinnate or pinnatisect.	→ 6
6. Sepals ± equal, 4–4.5 mm.	I. hederifolia
6. Sepals unequal, outers 3–3.5 mm, inners 4–5.7 mm.	→ 7
7. Leaf blades usually cordate, sometimes ovate, sagittate, or triangular.	I. coccinea
7. Leaf blades usually (3–)5–7-lobed, middle lobe narrowly ± rhombic, sometimes proximal blades cordate to ovate, not lobed.	I. cristulata
2. Flowers nocturnal (open dusk to early morning); corollas usually lavender, pink, or white, tubes sometimes purple to red, limbs or throats sometimes purple, red, or with green or yellowish bands or lines, 30–150 mm.	→ 8
8. Leaf blades usually palmatisect, sometimes sagittate.	→ 9
9. Sepals 5–12 mm; corolla limbs 30–36 mm diam.	I. tenuiloba
9. Sepals 12–15 mm; corolla limbs 50–65 mm diam.	I. thurberi
8. Leaf blades cordate, orbiculate, ovate, triangular, triangular-ovate, or 3–5(–7)-lobed.	→ 10
10. Leaf blade surfaces: abaxial tomentulose, adaxial glabrous; corollas white, throat lavender to purple inside.	I. macrorhiza
10. Leaf blade surfaces glabrous or hairy, not tomentulose; corollas usually lavender, pink, or white, sometimes with green or yellowish bands or lines.	→ 11
11. Sepal apices acute, outers each with ± corniform appendage.	→ 12
12. Corollas white, throat green-banded inside; fruits 20–30 mm.	I. alba
12. Corollas white, turning lavender; fruits 18–20 mm.	I. muricata
11. Sepal apices emarginate, obtuse, or truncate, none with corniform appendages.	→ 13
13. Stems ± setose; corollas lavender or pink.	I. setosa
13. Stems not setose; corollas white, limb with yellowish lines.	I. violacea
1. Corollas funnelform.	→ 14
14. Peduncles usually hairy and hairs usually ± antrorse, retrorse, or spreading, rarely appressed, rarely glabrous or glabrate (I. barbatisepala and I. indica); sepals herbaceous.	→ 15
15. Perennials.	→ 16
16. Leaf blade surfaces glabrous or ± pilose; sepals glabrous or abaxial surface sparsely hairy, hairs appressed.	I. indica
16. Leaf blade surfaces ± hirsute or sericeous; sepal surfaces: abaxial ± hispid or sericeous.	→ 17
17. Leaf blades broadly ovate to reniform, usually 3–5(–7)-lobed; sepals 18–30 mm.	I. lindheimeri
17. Leaf blades cordate, ovate, or 3–5-lobed; sepals 9–21 mm.	I. pubescens
15. Annuals.	→ 18
18. Leaf blades (3–)5–7-lobed, palmatisect (incised nearly to petiole tip).	I. barbatisepala
18. Leaf blades cordate, orbiculate, ovate, or 3(–5)-lobed, not palmatisect.	→ 19
19. Sepals elliptic, lance-oblong, or oblong, 8–15 mm, narrowed distal portion shorter to slightly longer than dilated base.	I. purpurea
19. Sepals ± lanceolate or lance-linear, 12–30 mm, narrowed distal portion notably longer than dilated base.	→ 20
20. Sepals ± lanceolate, 12–24 mm, proximally ovate, abruptly narrowed to ± curved or spreading distal portion; corollas 20–37(–45) mm.	I. hederacea
20. Sepals lance-linear, 15–25(–30) mm, proximally narrowly ovate, gradually narrowed to ± straight distal portion; corollas (20–)30–60+ mm.	I. nil
14. Peduncles usually glabrous or hairy and hairs appressed, sometimes puberulent (I. carnea), sparsely hispidulous (I. costellata), pilosulous on proximal 1–2 mm and otherwise glabrous (I. dumetorum), or setose; sepals usually chartaceous or coriaceous, sometimes herbaceous or membranous.	→ 21
21. Stems usually repent, (rooting at nodes), rarely twining.	→ 22
22. Leaf blades hastate, lanceolate, linear, oblong, ovate, or ± 3–5-lobed; corollas usually purple or white, throat sometimes purplish or yellow inside.	→ 23
23. Sepals elliptic-ovate to oblong-ovate, 6–8 mm, ± equal; corollas usually purple, rarely white.	I. aquatica
23. Sepals lance-oblong, 10–15 mm, unequal; corollas white, throat usually yellow, sometimes purplish, inside.	I. imperati
22. Leaf blades cordate, ± orbiculate, ovate, reniform, or rounded-cordate; corollas usually lavender, pink, or red, rarely white, throat sometimes darker inside.	→ 24
24. Leaf blade apices acute to rounded; corollas usually red, rarely white, 50–80 mm.	I. asarifolia
24. Leaf blade apices ± emarginate; corollas lavender or pink, 35–40(–70) mm.	I. pes-caprae
21. Stems not repent.	→ 25
25. Stems usually erect, sometimes ± trailing (I. leptophylla).	→ 26
26. Shrubs; leaf blades 40–170 mm wide, bases cordate or ± truncate.	I. carnea
26. Perennials; leaf blades 2–8(–10) mm wide, bases ± cuneate.	I. leptophylla
25. Stems usually trailing, twining, or twining only near tips, rarely ascending, decumbent, or erect.	→ 27
27. Leaf blades cuneate-obovate and distally ± incised, 3–5(–7+)-toothed.	I. plummerae
27. Leaf blades not cuneate-obovate and distally incised.	→ 28
28. Leaf blades palmatisect (incised ± to petiole tip), lobes (3–)5–9+, usually filiform, lance-linear, lanceolate, linear, or narrowly oblanceolate to spatulate, sometimes elliptic, lance-elliptic, or lance-ovate.	→ 29
29. Annuals.	→ 30
30. Corollas 10–12 mm.	I. costellata
30. Corollas 18–30(–40) mm.	→ 31
31. Leaf blade lobes 5–7(–9), usually filiform to linear, sometimes lance-linear, 0.2–2(–5) mm wide.	I. ternifolia
31. Leaf blade lobes 5, lance-linear to lanceolate, (5–)10–15(–20) mm wide.	I. wrightii
29. Perennials.	→ 32
32. Leaf blade lobes 5 (proximal 2 lobes sometimes 2-lobed), lance-elliptic, lanceolate, or lance-ovate, (3–)8–15(–30) mm wide.	I. cairica
32. Leaf blade lobes (3–)5–9, filiform, lanceolate, linear, or spatulate, 0.2–2.5(–6.5) mm wide.	→ 33
33. Corollas white (limb sometimes purple or pale rose), 35–65 mm.	I. tenuiloba
33. Corollas lavender, purple, or red-purple, 25–40 mm.	→ 34
34. Stems usually ± trailing, sometimes ascending, erect, or twining near tips; leaf blade lobes 3–30(–50) × (0.5–)1–2.5 mm.	I. plummerae
34. Stems usually ascending to erect, sometimes trailing; leaf blade lobes (3–)5–15(–25) × 0.2–1 mm.	I. capillacea
28. Leaf blades not palmatisect, sometimes palmately lobed.	→ 35
35. Corollas usually blue (drying pink or purple), sometimes white, sometimes throat white outside and yellow inside.	→ 36
36. Corollas 26–27 mm, limb 30–35 mm diam.	I. cardiophylla
36. Corollas 35–60 mm, limb 50–90 mm diam.	I. tricolor
35. Corollas lavender, lavender-pink, lilac, pink, pink-purple, purple, purplish, red-purple, or ± white, throat sometimes darker inside.	→ 37
37. Sepals dotted with dark spots on abaxial surface.	I. dumetorum
37. Sepals not dotted with dark spots.	→ 38
38. Leaf blades usually hastate or sagittate, ± triangular, sometimes ovate.	→ 39
39. Leaf blade surfaces glabrous; sepals elliptic, oblong, or ovate, 8–9 mm; corollas 60–90 mm.	I. sagittata
39. Leaf blade surfaces ± hairy, adaxial sometimes glabrate; sepals lance-oblong, lanceolate, or lance-ovate, 5–8 mm; corollas 30–45 mm.	I. tenuissima
38. Leaf blades usually cordate, cordate-ovate, deltate-ovate, lance-oblong, lanceolate, lance-ovate, linear, oblong-ovate, orbiculate, ovate, pandurate, or reniform, sometimes 3–5(–7)-lobed.	→ 40
40. Annuals; corollas 6–20(–25) mm.	→ 41
41. Sepals 6–7 mm, apices acute or obtuse.	I. triloba
41. Sepals (8–)11–14 mm, apices acuminate.	→ 42
42. Corollas white, 15–20(–25) mm; fruits 10–13 mm diam.	I. lacunosa
42. Corollas lavender or white, 6–15(–20) mm; fruits 7–8 mm diam.	Ipomoea × leucantha
40. Perennials; corollas 18–100 mm.	→ 43
43. Sepals 4–5.5 mm.	I. amnicola
43. Sepals 8–22 mm.	→ 44
44. Corollas 20–38 mm.	I. cordatotriloba
44. Corollas (30–)40–100 mm.	→ 45
45. Corollas usually lavender, lavender-pink, pink, or purple, sometimes white, throat usually darker inside.	→ 46
46. Leaf blade bases cordate; corollas (30–)40–70 mm; seeds glabrous.	I. batatas
46. Leaf blade bases cordate-hastate; corollas 70–90 mm; seeds hairy.	I. rupicola
45. Corollas pink or ± white, throat lavender, purple, purple-red, or red inside.	→ 47
47. Leaf blades cordate, cordate-ovate, or pandurate.	I. pandurata
47. Leaf blades deltate-ovate, lance-oblong, lanceolate, lance-ovate, or linear.	→ 48
48. Leaf blades lance-oblong, lanceolate, or linear, 100–120(–210) mm; Arizona.	I. longifolia
48. Leaf blades deltate-ovate or narrowly lance-ovate, 30–80 mm; Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas.	I. shumardiana