Hypericum frondosum |
Hypericum majus |
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cedar glade St. John's-wort, golden St. John's wort |
greater Canada St. John's-wort, greater Canadian St. John's-wort, large Canadian St. John's-wort, large St. John's wort, millepertuis majeur |
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Habit | Shrubs, erect, forming rounded bush or treelike, (6–)10–30 dm. | Herbs perennial, erect, branching at base and in inflorescence, branches relatively few, 0.5–7 dm. |
Stems | internodes 4-lined at first, then 2-lined to terete. |
internodes 4-angled. |
Leaves | blades usually oblong to lanceolate-oblong, sometimes oblanceolate, 25–65 × 8–22 mm, base articulated, broadly to narrowly cuneate, margins plane or subrecurved, apex apiculate-obtuse to rounded, midrib with 10–16 pairs of branches. |
spreading, sessile or distal subamplexicaul; blade lanceolate to narrowly oblong-elliptic or (proximal) oblanceolate, 10–45 × (2–)6–12 mm, papery to membranous, margins plane, apex acute to rounded, basal or near-basal veins (3–)5–7, midrib with to 4 pairs of branches. |
Inflorescences | 1–3(–7)-flowered from apical node, sometimes with paired single flowers or triads (3-flowered cymules) or 1–3-flowered branches at proximal node. |
corymbiform to cylindric, 3–30-flowered, usually compact, branching mostly dichasial. |
Flowers | 24–45 mm diam.; sepals deciduous, not enclosing capsule, (4)5, ovate or oblong to elliptic-spatulate, unequal, 6–14(–20) × 4–10 mm; petals (4–)5, golden yellow to orange-yellow, obovate to oblanceolate, 12–25 mm; stamens deciduous, 250–650; ovary 3-merous. |
6–7 mm diam.; sepals lanceolate to narrowly elliptic, equal, 3.5–6.5 × 0.8–1.5 mm, margins sometimes ciliate, not setulose-ciliate, apex acute; petals golden yellow, sometimes red-veined, oblanceolate, 3.5–6 mm; stamens 12–21, obscurely 5-fascicled; styles 0.6–1 mm; stigmas broadly capitate. |
Capsules | ovoid-conic to ovoid-rostrate, 12–15 × 6–8 mm. |
narrowly conic-ellipsoid, 4–8 × 2.5–3.5 mm, broadest proximal to middle. |
Seeds | carinate, 1.5 mm; testa linear-reticulate. |
0.5–0.7 mm; testa finely linear-scalariform. |
2n | = 18. |
= 16. |
Hypericum frondosum |
Hypericum majus |
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Phenology | Flowering summer (Jun–Jul). | Flowering summer (Jun–Sep). |
Habitat | Dry cedar-glades and barrens on limestone and calcareous shale | Fens, marshes, ditches, lake and stream margins, other damp habitats |
Elevation | 100–500 m (300–1600 ft) | 0–1200 m (0–3900 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; CT; FL; GA; KY; LA; MA; MS; NC; NY; TN; TX
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CO; CT; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; MA; ME; MI; MN; MO; MT; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OR; PA; RI; SD; VT; WA; WI; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; SK [Introduced in Europe (France, Germany), e Asia (Japan)]
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Discussion | Hypericum frondosum is endemic to the southwestern end of the Appalachian Range; it is recorded as introduced in Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New York (W. P. Adams 1962). Records from Arkansas and, possibly, South Carolina and Virginia appear to be errors for H. prolificum. Although H. frondosum is variable over its natural range and approaches H. prolificum morphologically in Arkansas, it remains distinct from its immediate relatives. In cultivation, it sometimes hybridizes with H. prolificum. Artificial hybrids have been made, as well as artificial tetraploids (O. Myers 1963). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Hypericum majus was the western member of a vicariant species pair, differing from the originally eastern member (H. canadense) by the broader leaves, usually more-congested inflorescence, and larger flowers. These species became sympatric in glaciated northeastern North America and now hybridize freely, notably in Wisconsin (F. H. Utech and H. H. Iltis 1970). Hybrids are intermediate in form between the parents and have also been recorded from Connecticut, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire. Hypericum majus hybridizes also with H. mutilum, with subsp. mutilum in Maine, and with subsp. boreale in Michigan and Wisconsin. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 76. | FNA vol. 6, p. 91. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | H. amoenum, H. splendens | H. canadense var. majus, H. mutilum var. longifolium, Sarothra major |
Name authority | Michaux: Fl. Bor.-Amer. 2: 81. (1803) | (A. Gray) Britton: Mem. Torrey Bot. Club 5: 225. (1894) |
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