Hypericum crux-andreae |
Hypericum |
|||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Atlantic St. Peter's-wort, St. Peter's wort |
millepertuis, St. Andrew's cross, St. John's-wort |
|||||||||||||||||
Habit | Shrubs, usually erect to suberect, rarely decumbent and rooting, usually unbranched, rarely sparsely branched distally, 1–13.5 dm. | Herbs, annual or perennial, subshrubs, or shrubs [trees], sometimes rhizomatous, glabrous or hairy, with glandular canals, lacunae, or dots containing resins or waxes (amber), essential oils (pale, translucent), and/or, sometimes, hypericin and pseudohypericin (black or red) in various parts. | ||||||||||||||||
Stems | internodes 2–4-lined at first, then 2-winged. |
internodes terete (not lined) or 2-, 4-, or 6-lined at first (lines usually raised), then sometimes becoming angled, terete, or winged; bark smooth or striate, sometimes corky, punctiform. |
||||||||||||||||
Leaf | blades usually oblong to elliptic, rarely obovate to oblanceolate or triangular-ovate, 12–36 × 6–16 mm, base articulated, rounded to slightly cordate-amplexicaul, without glandlike auricles, margins plane to subrecurved, apex rounded to obtuse, midrib with to 3 pairs of branches. |
|||||||||||||||||
Inflorescences | ± narrowly cylindric to narrowly pyramidal, 1–3(–7)-flowered, branching dichasial, from to 4 proximal nodes. |
terminal, cymose, 2+-flowered, or flowers solitary, branching stellate [cupulate]; sepals persistent or deciduous, (3–)4–5, distinct or ± connate, margins sometimes glandular-ciliate; petals persistent or deciduous, (3–)4–5[–6], contorted, yellow to orange, sometimes red-tinged; stamens persistent or deciduous, (5–)10–300(–650), in continuous or interrupted ring or in (3–)4–5 fascicles, fascicles distinct or connate, each with 1–60+ stamens; filaments distinct or basally connate; anthers yellow to orange, oblong to ellipsoid, almost isodiametric, sometimes with amber or black gland on connective; staminode fascicles 0 [3]; ovary 2–5-merous; placentation axile to parietal; ovules 2+ on each placenta; styles distinct or ± connate basally, spreading to ± appressed. |
||||||||||||||||
Flowers | 20–30 mm diam.; sepals persistent, enclosing capsule, 4, unequal, outer broadly ovate to circular, 9–20 × 9–18 mm, apex apiculate or obtuse to rounded, inner narrowly elliptic to lanceolate, 7–14 × 2–4 mm, apex acute to subacute; petals 4, bright yellow, obovate, 11–18 mm; stamens persistent, 80–100; ovary 3(–4)-merous. |
|||||||||||||||||
Capsules | narrowly ellipsoid-ovoid, 7–10 × 5–6.5 mm. |
2–5-valved, sometimes with glandular vittae or vesicles. |
||||||||||||||||
Seeds | not carinate, 0.8 mm; testa shallowly scalariform. |
narrowly cylindric to ellipsoid, sometimes carinate; testa foveolate or reticulate to scalariform [papillose]. |
||||||||||||||||
x | = 12, 9–7, 6 (dihaploid). |
|||||||||||||||||
2n | = 18. |
|||||||||||||||||
Hypericum crux-andreae |
Hypericum |
|||||||||||||||||
Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | |||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Moist to dry, pine savannas and flatwoods, meadows, bogs, other wet habitats, lake and pond margins | |||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–1500 m (0–4900 ft) | |||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; DC; DE; FL; GA; KY; LA; MD; MS; NC; NJ; NY; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA
|
Nearly worldwide |
||||||||||||||||
Discussion | Hypericum crux-andreae, long known as Ascyrum stans, is a derivative of H. frondosum in which the tetramerous tendency in the perianth has become fixed. The low, multistemmed form with cuneate leaves, longer- pedicellate flowers, and shorter sepals (A. cuneifolium, A. stans var. obovatum) cannot be separated from typical H. crux-andreae. Linnaeus included “Hypericum ex terra mariana, floribus exiguis luteis” under his phrase name for Ascyrum crux-andreae; that element of the protologue refers to H. mutilum Linnaeus; see N. K. B. Robson (1980). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 490 (54 in the flora). Shrubs with deciduous leaves, petals, and stamens belong to either Hypericum sect. Ascyreia Choisy (with five stamen fascicles and five styles) or sect. Androsaemum (Duhamel) Godron (with five stamen fascicles and three or four styles). These are all introductions, mostly garden escapes. Those in sect. Ascyreia include: Hypericum calycinum Linnaeus, a low shrub with creeping stolons and flowers 50–95 mm diam. that has been found in California, Oregon, and Washington; H. ×moserianum Luquet ex André, its hybrid with H. patulum Thunberg, a low (sterile?) branching shrub with red anthers; and H. hookerianum Wight & Arnott, a shrub to 2 m tall with narrow leaves and a dense ring of relatively short stamens, recorded from California (its identity requires confirmation). In sect. Androsaemum, H. androsaemum is a deciduous shrub with relatively small flowers and baccate fruits that ripen from cherry-red to black; it has been found in British Columbia and in California and Washington. Introduced herbaceous species with three stamen fascicles and three styles include: Hypericum hirsutum, with hairy stems and leaves (Ontario); H. tetrapterum, with four-winged internodes and lanceolate sepals (British Columbia and Washington); H. pulchrum with cordate leaves and red-tinged petals (Newfoundland, St. Pierre and Miquelon); and H. humifusum Linnaeus, a procumbent herb with unequal sepals (British Columbia). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
||||||||||||||||
Key |
|
|||||||||||||||||
Source | FNA vol. 6, p. 85. | FNA vol. 6, p. 72. | ||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Hypericaceae > Hypericum | Hypericaceae | ||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | Ascyrum crux-andreae, A. cuneifolium, A. grandiflorum, A. simplex, A. stans var. obovatum, Hypericoides crux-andreae, H. stans | Ascyrum, Crookea, Sanidophyllum, Sarothra | ||||||||||||||||
Name authority | (Linnaeus) Crantz: Inst. Rei Herb. 2: 520. (1766) | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 783. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 341. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||
Web links |