Flora of North America species comparison

densely foliate, 5–10(–20) mm, central strand strong.

erect, rarely branched, to 1 cm, hyalodermis absent or weakly present and thin-walled, sclerodermis usually present, central cylinder of thick-walled cells, central strand usually strong;

radiculose;

axillary hairs 6–10 cells long, hyaline.

concave when moist, to 1.5–2(–2.5) mm, oblong-spatulate to obovate, occasionally with multicellular teeth in distal 1/4, rounded to rounded obtuse at the apex, sometimes apiculate;

costa stout, prominent abaxially, smooth on the abaxial surface to occasionally roughened at the apex, hydroids absent;

laminal cells near insertion short-rectangular, 2–4:1, firm-walled, pale and brownish or hyaline, cells 8–10(–12) µm wide, in longitudinal and oblique rows, thin to thick-walled, bulging-mammillose on the adaxial surface, plane on the abaxial.

tubulose-twisted, incurved, sometimes contorted when dry, spreading when moist, commonly spathulate or ligulate, ovate, oblong-elliptic, usually constricted at the base;

distal lamina broadly channeled, occasionally concave, shallowly grooved along the costa;

base not different in shape;

margins plane to broadly incurved, sometimes narrowly recurved in proximal 2/3, entire or denticulate to dentate in distal 1/4 or at the apex;

apex broadly acute to rounded, rarely cucullate or emarginate;

costa subpercurrent or percurrent, ending in an apiculus or mucro, adaxial surface cells quadrate to short-rectangular, adaxial and abaxial epidermis present, stereid bands 2, guide cells 4(–6) in one layer;

hydroid strand sometimes present;

basal cells differentiated across the leaf to only in the median basal region, usually only in a small area near the insertion;

distal cells rounded-quadrate to hexagonal, small, walls evenly thickened, bulging equally on both sides or bulging adaxially and plane abaxially, papillae absent or simple.

6–7 mm, reddish to yellow-brown with age.

elongate.

dioicous.

dioicous or monoicous;

perigonia terminal on perigoniate plants or as lateral buds on perichaetiate plants;

perichaetia terminal, perichaetial leaves similar to or smaller than cauline leaves.

erect, 1.5–3 mm, narrowly cylindric from an indistinct neck, annulus well differentiated, red-brown, of vesiculose cells, persistent or deciduous;

[operculum erect, conic-rostrate, 0.6–0.8 mm].

long-ovoid to cylindric, operculum conic to long-conic or rostrate, peristome teeth absent.

cucullate.

7–10 µm, papillose.

asexual reproduction by axillary gemmae, these clavate, stellate or dentate-elliptic in the leaf axils on densely-branched stalks.