Heterotheca villosa
Heterotheca villosa var. minor
golden-aster, hairy false goldenaster, hairy goldaster, hairy golden-aster
golden-aster, hairy false goldenaster, hairy golden-aster, hispid goldenaster
1–50+, decumbent to erect (sometimes brown or reddish brown, sometimes whitish distally, sometimes ± brittle), sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, sparsely to abundantly long-hispid, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular.
decumbent to ascending-erect, (9–)16–33(–48) mm, sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, sparsely to abundantly long-hirsute, sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular.
generally not crowded;
proximal cauline petiolate, blades oblanceolate, (90–)220–400(–600) × (2–)4–8(–13) mm, bases cuneate, margins flat, usually entire, rarely with 1–2 apical teeth, strigoso-ciliate, sparsely to abundantly long-hispido-strigose proximally, apices acute to obtuse, sometimes mucronate, faces sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular;
distal sessile, blades usually lanceolate or oblanceolate to oblong, rarely ovate or lanceolate-triangular, (4–)15–28(–42) × (1.5–)3.5–7(–12.5) mm, bases attenuate to convex-cuneate to rounded, margins usually flat, rarely remotely undulate, strigoso-ciliate, sparsely to abundantly long-hispido-strigose proximally, apices acute to obtuse, sometimes mucronate, faces sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular.
(4–)15–41(–98) mm, sparsely to densely hispido-canescent, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular;
bracts 1–7+, usually linear-oblanceolate, rarely leaflike and linear-oblanceolate, usually greatly reduced, margins usually flat, rarely remotely undulate, strigoso-ciliate, sparsely to abundantly long-hispido-strigose proximally, apices acute, sometimes mucronate, faces sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, eglandular or sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular; rarely 1–2 leaflike, oblanceolate bracts subtending heads.
4.5–40(–60) mm, moderately to densely hispido-strigose, usually sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular rarely eglandular;
bracts usually linear-oblong, reduced, rarely linear-lanceolate and leaflike, sparsely to moderately hispido-strigose, sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular.
narrowly cylindric to campanulate, (5–)6–9.5(–13) mm.
cylindric to campanulate (fresh), (5.5–)6.5–8.5(–9.3) mm.
(5–)10–20(–38);
laminae (3.5–)6.5–11(–20) × 1–2(–3) mm.
(7–)10–18(–26), laminae (4–)6–10(–12.6) mm.
(10–)20–50(–85);
corollas barely ampliate, (4–)5–6(–8) mm, glabrous or glabrate (few, minute hairs), lobes 0.4–0.75(–1) mm, glabrous or glabrate (hairs 0.1–0.35 mm).
in 4–5 series, lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or triangular-lancelate, unequal (outer 1/5–1/3 length of inner), margins scarious, sometimes reddish purple distally, ciliate distally or apically, faces sparsely to densely strigose, eglandular or sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular.
narrowly triangular-lanceolate, faces usually sparsely, rarely densely strigose (hairs to 1 mm), usually sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular, rarely eglandular.
1–16(–42), in usually open, corymbiform, rarely paniculiform arrays.
1–13(–42) in congested to open, corymbiform arrays, branches usually not very long.
monomorphic, obconic, compressed, 1.7–2.7(–3.4) mm, ribs 4–8(–10) (rarely brownish), faces sparsely to moderately strigose;
pappi off-white, outer of linear scales 0.25–1 mm, inner of 30–45 bristle (4–)5–6.5(–8.5) mm, longest weakly clavate (usually equaling or longer than corollas).
cauline leaf blades usually narrowly to broadly oblanceolate or oblong, sometimes ovate (in mountains), (11–)16–28(–40) mm, ± reduced distally, bases usually narrowly to broadly convex-cuneate to attenuate, sometimes rounded, margins flat, sometimes remotely undulate, apices obtuse or acute, faces sparsely to moderately hispido-strigose, (1–75/mm2), sparsely to moderately glandular (glands 1–32/mm2).
= 18, 36.
= 18, 36.
Heterotheca villosa
Heterotheca villosa var. minor
Varieties 9 (9 in the flora).
Heterotheca villosa is variable in stem height, leaf base shape, stem and leaf indument, number of heads, and number of florets. Thus, the species is difficult to circumscribe because each variety has a suite of diagnostic traits and a distribution that is restricted to a portion of the range of the species. Generally, var. minor (glandular), and to a lesser extent, var. foliosa (eglandular) are the glue holding the other varieties together in a widely distributed polymorphic species; this is comparable to the situation in H. sessiliflora, in which var. echioides is the glue. Variety minor hybridizes with all other varieties. Numerous local races occur that are sometimes quite distinct when extreme, but they intergrade with one or more other races, especially in var. minor (J. C. Semple 1996). The species is divided here on the basis of indument features, leaf shape, and stem height, paralleling the infraspecific treatments of H. fulcrata and H. sessiliflora. H. A. Gleason and A. Cronquist (1991) and Cronquist (1994) acknowledged the variability of the species and the existence of many local races, but lumped most of these into var. villosa and var. hispida of Chrysopsis villosa, in which they also included H. camporum, H. canescens, H. fulcrata, H. pumila, H. stenophylla var. angustifolia, H. viscida, and H. zionensis. Diploid races are usually distinct from each other, but each has given rise to one or more tetraploid lines that are less distinct. The treatment here is based on the detailed presentation in Semple.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Variety minor is distinguished by its usually narrowly to broadly oblancelate distal cauline leaves (sometime oblong or ovate) and moderately glandular and hispido-strigose indument. The leaf bases are usually narrowly to broadly cuneate or attenuate (rarely rounded). Distal leaf faces usually have about 10–50 hairs/mm2 and about 4–20 glands/mm2. The variety is the most variable in the species and includes some local distinctive morphotypes that grade into other forms. Plants intermediate between this and all other varieties occur in areas where the ranges are sympatric, and they make infraspecific taxonomy of the species difficult. The variety has been incorrectly referred to as var. hispida (a later synonym) in most floras.
The status of Heterotheca barbata (Rydberg) Semple (Chrysopsis barbata Rydberg), the Spokane goldenaster, is uncertain. J. C. Semple (1996) treated it as a separate species to draw attention to the problem; a detailed description based on the type and detailed illustrations were included. It is known from the type collection along the Spokane River Valley east of Spokane, Idaho, and two down-river, atypical collections (Benton and Spokane counties, Washington). It flowers in July (sometimes August). It is similar to H. villosa var. minor, but differs in having lanceolate-elliptic distal cauline leaves (34–38 × 8–9 mm) that are little reduced distally, long branches (each with one to a few large heads), and disc corollas with a few, very long hairs on the tube. Further work is needed to increase the number of specimens available for a detailed comparison with H. villosa var. minor in order to clarify whether H. barbata warrants species level recognition, should be included in H. villosa as a variety, or placed in synonymy under var. minor.
(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
1. Stems sparsely to densely hispido-strigose, sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular; distal cauline leaves sparsely to densely hispido-strigose (hairs 2–100/mm²), sparsely to densely stipitate-glandular (glands 2–60/mm²) | → 2 |
1. Stems moderately to densely hispido-strigose, eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular; distal leaf faces moderately to densely strigose (hairs 25–200/mm²), eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular (rarely more densely so) | → 5 |
2. Distal cauline leaf blades ovate to oblanceolate or lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, rarely oblong, glands sometimes more numerous than hairs/mm²; arrays corymbiform | → 3 |
2. Distal cauline leaf blades linear, lanceolate, narrowly to broadly oblong, or narrowly ovate, glands less numerous than hairs/mm²; arrays congested, corymbiform to subumbelliform; w Great Plains, foothills of Front Range, White Mountains (New Mexico) | → 4 |
3. Distal cauline leaf blades usually narrowly to broadly oblanceolate, sometimes oblong, sometimes ovate in mountains, margins flat to remotely undulate, apices obtuse to acute, indument sparse to moderate; arrays compact, branches usually not very long; phyllaries usually moderately strigose (hairs to 1 mm), often stipitate-glandular | var. minor |
3. Distal cauline leaf blades narrowly lanceolate to triangular-lanceolate, apices sharply acute, margins flat; arrays lax, branches often very long; phyllaries sparsely short-strigose, hairs usually less than 0.3 mm, sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular; rock outcrops, margins of arroyos, rocky banks, Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, Utah, disjunct in Little San Bernardino Mountains, California | var. scabra |
4. Distal leaf blades often perpendicular to stems, linear to broadly oblong, sometimes small (less than 10 mm), faces moderately hispido-strigose (hairs 9–56/mm²), moderately to densely stipitate-glandular (glands 9–36/mm²), glands sometimes more than hairs; ray laminae (3.5–)6.9–11(–12) mm; lower elevations in mountains and foothills, Colorado and New Mexico, Great Plains, Colorado, w Nebraska, New Mexico, se Wyoming | var. nana |
4. Distal leaf blades (perpendicular proximally, ascending distally) lanceolate to ovate-oblong, faces moderately to densely strigose (hairs usually 42–93/mm²), sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular (glands usually 4–37/mm²); ray laminae (8.5–)9–12(–14) mm; mid elevations of Sierra Blanca, New Mexico, and mountains to s, w | var. sierrablancensis |
5. Stems often abundantly long-hirsute; distal cauline leaf blades narrowly to broadly oblong; bracts subtending heads often surpassing them | → 6 |
5. Stems sparsely to moderately long-hirsute; distal cauline leaf blades narrowly to broadly oblanceolate; bracts subtending heads small or none | → 7 |
6. Leaf faces moderately strigose (hairs usually not obscuring faces); involucres broadly campanulate; rays showy, (12–)17–30 (averaging 21), laminae (8.5–)9.9–14.5 mm (averaging 11.5 mm); ne Great Plains | var. ballardii |
6. Leaf faces moderately to densely hispido-strigose (hairs sometimes obscuring faces); involucres narrowly campanulate; rays less showy, (7–)13–22 (averaging 17), laminae 8–11.4(–12.4) mm (averaging 10 mm); mountains and w prairies | var. foliosa |
7. Stems moderately to densely strigose, sparsely to abundantly long-hirsute; distal cauline leaf faces moderately strigose (20–60 hairs/mm²); Great Plains, scattered in hills and mountains | var. villosa |
7. Stems sparsely long-hirsute; distal cauline leaf faces densely strigose (60–270 hairs/mm²) | → 8 |
8. Stems 5–22 cm, sparsely long-hirsute; distal leaf faces densely strigose (84–140 hairs/mm²), sparsely to moderately stipitate-glandular; geyser basins, Yellowstone National Park, gravelly stream banks, e Teton National Park, rare further s in Wyoming | var. depressa |
8. Stems (12–)30–50(–75) cm, usually sparsely, rarely abundantly long-hirsute; distal leaf faces densely strigose (60–270 hairs/mm²), eglandular or sparsely stipitate-glandular; grasslands, wooded hillsides, mountains, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah | var. pedunculata |
- Local floras:
BC, 
CA, 
OR, 
WA - Local Web sites: CalFlora, CalPhotos,
Flora NW, 
IL Wildflowers, 
KS Wildflowers, 
MI Flora, 
MN Wildflowers, 
PNW Herbaria, 
SW CO Wildflowers, Turner Photog. 
WildflowerSearch
iNaturalist (observations)
USDA Plants Database- LBJ Wildflower Center
- SEINet
- Plants of the World Online
- Encyclopedia of Life
- Wikipedia
- Google Image Search
- Local floras: BC, CA, OR, WA
- Local Web sites: CalFlora, CalPhotos, Flora NW, IL Wildflowers, KS Wildflowers, MN Wildflowers, PNW Herbaria
- WildflowerSearch
- iNaturalist (observations)
- USDA Plants Database
- LBJ Wildflower Center
- SEINet
- Plants of the World Online
- Encyclopedia of Life
- Wikipedia
- Google Image Search
