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cucumberleaf sunflower, weak sunflower

hélianthe de maximilien, Maximilian sunflower, Maximilian's sunflower

Habit Annuals or perennials, 30–200 cm (taprooted). Perennials, 50–300 cm (rhizomatous).
Stems

decumbent to erect, glabrous, hirsute, or puberulent.

erect, 5–30 dm, scabrous to scabro-hispidulous.

Leaves

mostly cauline; mostly alternate;

petioles 1–7 cm;

blades deltate-ovate, lance-ovate, or ovate, 2.5–14 × 1.8–13 cm, bases cordate to truncate or broadly cuneate, margins subentire to serrate, abaxial faces glabrate to hispid, not gland-dotted.

cauline; mostly alternate;

petioles 0–2 cm;

blades (light green to gray-green, 1-nerved, conduplicate) lanceolate, 10–30 × 2–5.5 cm, bases cuneate, margins usually entire, sometimes serrulate, abaxial faces scabrous to scabro-hispid, gland-dotted.

Peduncles

9–50 cm.

1–11 cm.

Involucres

hemispheric, 10–22 mm diam.

hemispheric, 13–28 mm diam.

Ray florets

11–20;

laminae 12–23 mm.

10–25;

laminae (15–)25–40 mm.

Disc florets

30+;

corollas 4.5–5 mm, lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow;

anthers dark, appendages dark (style branches usually reddish, rarely yellow).

75+;

corollas 5–7 mm, lobes yellow;

anthers dark brown or black;

appendages usually yellow, sometimes partly dark.

Phyllaries

20–30, lanceolate, 8–17 × 1–3 mm, apices acute to long-attenuate, abaxial faces glabrous or ± hispid, not gland-dotted.

30–40, lanceolate, 14–20 × 2–3 mm, (margins ciliate) apices acute to attenuate, abaxial faces canescent, gland-dotted.

Heads

1–3.

(1–)3–15 (often in racemiform to spiciform arrays).

Cypselae

2.5–3.2 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy;

pappi of 2 lanceolate or lance-linear scales 1.2–2.5 mm.

3–4 mm, glabrate;

pappi of 2 aristate scales 3–4.1 mm.

Paleae

7.5–8 mm, apices 3-toothed (middle teeth acuminate, usually glabrous or hispid, sometimes ± villous or bearded).

7–11 mm, entire or 3-toothed (apices greenish, mucronate, hairy).

2n

= 34.

Helianthus debilis

Helianthus maximiliani

Phenology Flowering late summer–fall.
Habitat Prairies, fields, waste areas
Elevation 0–300(–2100+) m (0–1000(–6900+) ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; CT; FL; GA; LA; MA; MD; MI; MS; NC; NH; NY; PA; RI; SC; TX; VA; VT; WV
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; NC; ND; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; ON; QC; SK; Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 5 (5 in the flora).

C. B. Heiser (1956) placed 8 subspecies in Helianthus debilis; he noted that alternative taxonomic treatments might recognize these in as many as three species, or expand the single species to include H. petiolaris. Later, Heiser et al. (1969) separated three of the subspecies as H. praecox. Isozyme data (R. P. Wain 1982, 1983; L. H. Rieseberg and M. F. Doyle 1989) show that all are closely related. Documented hybridization with H. annuus further complicates the situation. The treatment by Heiser et al. is followed here.

Helianthus debilis is adventive beyond the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Helianthus maximiliani is introduced in eastern Ontario and in Quebec. It appears to be native to midcontinental prairie regions and has spread along railroads and highways into all areas of North America. Its wide dispersal may be aided by cultivation for its attractive, showy floral displays. In addition to the usually conduplicate, single-nerved leaves and spikelike arrangement of the heads, it is distinguished by the whitish-canescent indument of the leaves and stems and the long-attenuate phyllaries.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems decumbent; peduncles 9–20(–22) cm
→ 2
1. Stems erect; peduncles (15–)20–50 cm
→ 3
2. Stems glabrous or puberulent; leaf blades serrulate or shallowly, regularly serrate, abaxial faces sparsely, if at all, gland-dotted
subsp. debilis
2. Stems hirsute; leaf blades deeply, irregularly serrate, abaxial faces densely gland-dotted
subsp. vestitus
3. Leaves 8–14 cm; peduncles (relatively slender) 20–40 cm; discs 10–15(–17) mm diam
subsp. silvestris
3. Leaves 2.5–9 cm; peduncles (not notably slender) 10–50 cm; discs 14–20 mm diam
→ 4
4. Leaf blades usually deeply, irregularly serrate; peduncles 10–25(–30) cm; ray lami-nae 12–20(–22) mm
subsp. tardiflorus
4. Leaf blades usually shallowly, regularly serrate; peduncles 25–50 cm; ray laminae (15–)20–23 mm
subsp. cucumerifolius
Source FNA vol. 21, p. 150. FNA vol. 21, p. 166.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Helianthus Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Helianthus
Sibling taxa
H. agrestis, H. angustifolius, H. annuus, H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. arizonensis, H. atrorubens, H. bolanderi, H. californicus, H. carnosus, H. ciliaris, H. cusickii, H. decapetalus, H. deserticola, H. divaricatus, H. eggertii, H. exilis, H. floridanus, H. giganteus, H. glaucophyllus, H. gracilentus, H. grosseserratus, H. heterophyllus, H. hirsutus, H. laciniatus, H. laevigatus, H. longifolius, H. maximiliani, H. microcephalus, H. mollis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. nuttallii, H. occidentalis, H. paradoxus, H. pauciflorus, H. petiolaris, H. porteri, H. praecox, H. pumilus, H. radula, H. resinosus, H. salicifolius, H. schweinitzii, H. silphioides, H. simulans, H. smithii, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, H. verticillatus, H. ×laetiflorus
H. agrestis, H. angustifolius, H. annuus, H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. arizonensis, H. atrorubens, H. bolanderi, H. californicus, H. carnosus, H. ciliaris, H. cusickii, H. debilis, H. decapetalus, H. deserticola, H. divaricatus, H. eggertii, H. exilis, H. floridanus, H. giganteus, H. glaucophyllus, H. gracilentus, H. grosseserratus, H. heterophyllus, H. hirsutus, H. laciniatus, H. laevigatus, H. longifolius, H. microcephalus, H. mollis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. nuttallii, H. occidentalis, H. paradoxus, H. pauciflorus, H. petiolaris, H. porteri, H. praecox, H. pumilus, H. radula, H. resinosus, H. salicifolius, H. schweinitzii, H. silphioides, H. simulans, H. smithii, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, H. verticillatus, H. ×laetiflorus
Subordinate taxa
H. debilis subsp. cucumerifolius, H. debilis subsp. debilis, H. debilis subsp. silvestris, H. debilis subsp. tardiflorus, H. debilis subsp. vestitus
Synonyms H. dalyi
Name authority Nuttall: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 7: 367. (1841) Schrader: Index Seminum (Göttingen) 1834: unpaged. (1835)
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