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cucumberleaf sunflower, weak sunflower

Bolander's sunflower, serpentine sunflower

Habit Annuals or perennials, 30–200 cm (taprooted). Annuals, 60–150 cm.
Stems

decumbent to erect, glabrous, hirsute, or puberulent.

erect, hispid to hirsute.

Leaves

mostly cauline; mostly alternate;

petioles 1–7 cm;

blades deltate-ovate, lance-ovate, or ovate, 2.5–14 × 1.8–13 cm, bases cordate to truncate or broadly cuneate, margins subentire to serrate, abaxial faces glabrate to hispid, not gland-dotted.

mostly cauline; mostly alternate;

petioles 1–4 cm;

blades lance-linear or lance-ovate to ovate, 3–15 × 2–6 cm, bases cuneate to truncate, margins usually serrate, abaxial faces sparsely hirsute, gland-dotted.

Peduncles

9–50 cm.

3–13 cm.

Involucres

hemispheric, 10–22 mm diam.

hemispheric, 17–25 mm diam.

Ray florets

11–20;

laminae 12–23 mm.

12–17;

laminae 14–20 mm.

Disc florets

30+;

corollas 4.5–5 mm, lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow;

anthers dark, appendages dark (style branches usually reddish, rarely yellow).

75+ (discs usually 2+ cm diam.);

corollas 5–7 mm, lobes usually reddish;

anthers dark, appendages dark (style branches reddish).

Phyllaries

20–30, lanceolate, 8–17 × 1–3 mm, apices acute to long-attenuate, abaxial faces glabrous or ± hispid, not gland-dotted.

10–18, usually lanceolate to lance-ovate, 9–27 × (3–)3.5–5 mm (often surpassing discs), apices gradually attenuate, abaxial faces hirsute.

Heads

1–3.

1–3.

Cypselae

2.5–3.2 mm, glabrous or sparsely hairy;

pappi of 2 lanceolate or lance-linear scales 1.2–2.5 mm.

3.5–4.5 mm, glabrate;

pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 1.7–3 mm.

Paleae

7.5–8 mm, apices 3-toothed (middle teeth acuminate, usually glabrous or hispid, sometimes ± villous or bearded).

9.5–10.5 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth subulate, surpassing discs, apices glabrous).

2n

= 34.

Helianthus debilis

Helianthus bolanderi

Phenology Flowering summer–early fall.
Habitat Grassy, often disturbed sites
Elevation 10–1200 m (0–3900 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; CT; FL; GA; LA; MA; MD; MI; MS; NC; NH; NY; PA; RI; SC; TX; VA; VT; WV
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 5 (5 in the flora).

C. B. Heiser (1956) placed 8 subspecies in Helianthus debilis; he noted that alternative taxonomic treatments might recognize these in as many as three species, or expand the single species to include H. petiolaris. Later, Heiser et al. (1969) separated three of the subspecies as H. praecox. Isozyme data (R. P. Wain 1982, 1983; L. H. Rieseberg and M. F. Doyle 1989) show that all are closely related. Documented hybridization with H. annuus further complicates the situation. The treatment by Heiser et al. is followed here.

Helianthus debilis is adventive beyond the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Helianthus bolanderi and H. exilis form a closely related pair of sister species that share the distinctive feature of having the middle teeth of the paleae glabrous and relatively elongated, surpassing the disc florets. As treated here, H. bolanderi corresponds to the “valley weed race” (C. B. Heiser 1949; L. H. Rieseberg et al. 1988); it is separated from the “serpentine foothill race,” here recognized as H. exilis. Heiser proposed that H. bolanderi originated through hybridization between H. annuus and H. exilis; molecular studies by Rieseberg et al. do not support this scheme. In an ironic twist, it appears that H. bolanderi may be undergoing “genetic assimilation” through hybridization with H. annuus (S. E. Carney et al. 2000).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Stems decumbent; peduncles 9–20(–22) cm
→ 2
1. Stems erect; peduncles (15–)20–50 cm
→ 3
2. Stems glabrous or puberulent; leaf blades serrulate or shallowly, regularly serrate, abaxial faces sparsely, if at all, gland-dotted
subsp. debilis
2. Stems hirsute; leaf blades deeply, irregularly serrate, abaxial faces densely gland-dotted
subsp. vestitus
3. Leaves 8–14 cm; peduncles (relatively slender) 20–40 cm; discs 10–15(–17) mm diam
subsp. silvestris
3. Leaves 2.5–9 cm; peduncles (not notably slender) 10–50 cm; discs 14–20 mm diam
→ 4
4. Leaf blades usually deeply, irregularly serrate; peduncles 10–25(–30) cm; ray lami-nae 12–20(–22) mm
subsp. tardiflorus
4. Leaf blades usually shallowly, regularly serrate; peduncles 25–50 cm; ray laminae (15–)20–23 mm
subsp. cucumerifolius
Source FNA vol. 21, p. 150. FNA vol. 21, p. 149.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Helianthus Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Helianthus
Sibling taxa
H. agrestis, H. angustifolius, H. annuus, H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. arizonensis, H. atrorubens, H. bolanderi, H. californicus, H. carnosus, H. ciliaris, H. cusickii, H. decapetalus, H. deserticola, H. divaricatus, H. eggertii, H. exilis, H. floridanus, H. giganteus, H. glaucophyllus, H. gracilentus, H. grosseserratus, H. heterophyllus, H. hirsutus, H. laciniatus, H. laevigatus, H. longifolius, H. maximiliani, H. microcephalus, H. mollis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. nuttallii, H. occidentalis, H. paradoxus, H. pauciflorus, H. petiolaris, H. porteri, H. praecox, H. pumilus, H. radula, H. resinosus, H. salicifolius, H. schweinitzii, H. silphioides, H. simulans, H. smithii, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, H. verticillatus, H. ×laetiflorus
H. agrestis, H. angustifolius, H. annuus, H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. arizonensis, H. atrorubens, H. californicus, H. carnosus, H. ciliaris, H. cusickii, H. debilis, H. decapetalus, H. deserticola, H. divaricatus, H. eggertii, H. exilis, H. floridanus, H. giganteus, H. glaucophyllus, H. gracilentus, H. grosseserratus, H. heterophyllus, H. hirsutus, H. laciniatus, H. laevigatus, H. longifolius, H. maximiliani, H. microcephalus, H. mollis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. nuttallii, H. occidentalis, H. paradoxus, H. pauciflorus, H. petiolaris, H. porteri, H. praecox, H. pumilus, H. radula, H. resinosus, H. salicifolius, H. schweinitzii, H. silphioides, H. simulans, H. smithii, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, H. verticillatus, H. ×laetiflorus
Subordinate taxa
H. debilis subsp. cucumerifolius, H. debilis subsp. debilis, H. debilis subsp. silvestris, H. debilis subsp. tardiflorus, H. debilis subsp. vestitus
Name authority Nuttall: Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc., n. s. 7: 367. (1841) A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 544. (1865)
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