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Bolander's sunflower, serpentine sunflower

California sunflower

Habit Annuals, 60–150 cm. Perennials, 150–350 cm (rhizomatous).
Stems

erect, hispid to hirsute.

erect, glabrous (glaucous).

Leaves

mostly cauline; mostly alternate;

petioles 1–4 cm;

blades lance-linear or lance-ovate to ovate, 3–15 × 2–6 cm, bases cuneate to truncate, margins usually serrate, abaxial faces sparsely hirsute, gland-dotted.

mostly cauline; mostly alternate;

petioles 0–3 cm;

blades (light to dark green, 3-nerved distal to bases), lanceolate, 10–20 × 2.5–6 cm, bases ± cuneate, margins entire or subentire, abaxial faces hispid to hirsute, gland-dotted.

Peduncles

3–13 cm.

(1–)3–15 cm (gland-dotted).

Involucres

hemispheric, 17–25 mm diam.

broadly hemispheric, 10–25 mm diam.

Ray florets

12–17;

laminae 14–20 mm.

12–21;

laminae 15–30 mm.

Disc florets

75+ (discs usually 2+ cm diam.);

corollas 5–7 mm, lobes usually reddish;

anthers dark, appendages dark (style branches reddish).

50+;

corollas 6–8 mm, lobes yellow;

anthers reddish to dark, appendages reddish brown.

Phyllaries

10–18, usually lanceolate to lance-ovate, 9–27 × (3–)3.5–5 mm (often surpassing discs), apices gradually attenuate, abaxial faces hirsute.

25–35 (loose), lanceolate, 8–15 × 3–5 mm (notably surpassing discs), (margins sometimes ciliate) apices acute to attenuate, abaxial faces hispidulous to glabrate, gland-dotted.

Heads

1–3.

3–10.

Cypselae

3.5–4.5 mm, glabrate;

pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 1.7–3 mm.

4.5–5 mm, glabrate;

pappi of 2 aristate scales 3–4 mm.

Paleae

9.5–10.5 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth subulate, surpassing discs, apices glabrous).

10–11 mm, 3-toothed (apices acute, hispidulous).

2n

= 34.

= 102.

Helianthus bolanderi

Helianthus californicus

Phenology Flowering summer–early fall. Flowering summer–fall.
Habitat Grassy, often disturbed sites Stream banks, wet meadows, freshwater marshes
Elevation 10–1200 m (0–3900 ft) 0–1600 m (0–5200 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
CA; OR
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; Mexico (Baja California)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Helianthus bolanderi and H. exilis form a closely related pair of sister species that share the distinctive feature of having the middle teeth of the paleae glabrous and relatively elongated, surpassing the disc florets. As treated here, H. bolanderi corresponds to the “valley weed race” (C. B. Heiser 1949; L. H. Rieseberg et al. 1988); it is separated from the “serpentine foothill race,” here recognized as H. exilis. Heiser proposed that H. bolanderi originated through hybridization between H. annuus and H. exilis; molecular studies by Rieseberg et al. do not support this scheme. In an ironic twist, it appears that H. bolanderi may be undergoing “genetic assimilation” through hybridization with H. annuus (S. E. Carney et al. 2000).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 21, p. 149. FNA vol. 21, p. 167.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Helianthus Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Helianthinae > Helianthus
Sibling taxa
H. agrestis, H. angustifolius, H. annuus, H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. arizonensis, H. atrorubens, H. californicus, H. carnosus, H. ciliaris, H. cusickii, H. debilis, H. decapetalus, H. deserticola, H. divaricatus, H. eggertii, H. exilis, H. floridanus, H. giganteus, H. glaucophyllus, H. gracilentus, H. grosseserratus, H. heterophyllus, H. hirsutus, H. laciniatus, H. laevigatus, H. longifolius, H. maximiliani, H. microcephalus, H. mollis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. nuttallii, H. occidentalis, H. paradoxus, H. pauciflorus, H. petiolaris, H. porteri, H. praecox, H. pumilus, H. radula, H. resinosus, H. salicifolius, H. schweinitzii, H. silphioides, H. simulans, H. smithii, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, H. verticillatus, H. ×laetiflorus
H. agrestis, H. angustifolius, H. annuus, H. anomalus, H. argophyllus, H. arizonensis, H. atrorubens, H. bolanderi, H. carnosus, H. ciliaris, H. cusickii, H. debilis, H. decapetalus, H. deserticola, H. divaricatus, H. eggertii, H. exilis, H. floridanus, H. giganteus, H. glaucophyllus, H. gracilentus, H. grosseserratus, H. heterophyllus, H. hirsutus, H. laciniatus, H. laevigatus, H. longifolius, H. maximiliani, H. microcephalus, H. mollis, H. neglectus, H. niveus, H. nuttallii, H. occidentalis, H. paradoxus, H. pauciflorus, H. petiolaris, H. porteri, H. praecox, H. pumilus, H. radula, H. resinosus, H. salicifolius, H. schweinitzii, H. silphioides, H. simulans, H. smithii, H. strumosus, H. tuberosus, H. verticillatus, H. ×laetiflorus
Name authority A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 544. (1865) de Candolle: in A. P. de Candolle and A. L. P. P. de Candolle, Prodr. 5: 589. (1836)
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