Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus verticillatus |
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common sunflower, hairy leaf sunflower, sunflower |
whorled sunflower |
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Habit | Annuals, 100–300 cm. | Perennials, 200–300 cm (rhizomatous). |
Stems | erect, usually hispid. |
erect, glabrous (glaucous). |
Leaves | mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 2–20 cm; blades lance-ovate to ovate, 10–40 × 5–40 cm, bases cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margins serrate, abaxial faces usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted. |
cauline; usually whorled (3s–6s), sometimes opposite; sessile or subsessile, petioles 0–1 cm; blades linear to lanceolate, 7.5–18.5 × 0.7–3 cm, bases cuneate, margins serrulate or entire (flat), faces puberulent (abaxial) or hispid-strumose (adaxial), gland-dotted. |
Peduncles | 2–20 cm. |
1–10 cm. |
Involucres | hemispheric or broader, 15–40(–200+) mm diam. |
broadly campanulate, 15–20 mm diam. |
Ray florets | (13–)17–30(–100+); laminae 25–50 mm. |
10–19; laminae 20–26 mm. |
Disc florets | 150+(–1000+); corollas 5–8 mm (throats ± bulbous at bases), lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark (style branches yellow). |
150+; corollas 5–7 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark, appendages yellow. |
Phyllaries | 20–30(–100+), ovate to lance-ovate, 13–25 × (3–)5–8 mm, (margins usually ciliate) apices abruptly narrowed, long-acuminate, abaxial faces usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted. |
45–55, lance-linear, 12–18 × 2–2.5 mm, (margins ciliate) apices long-attenuate, abaxial faces glabrate to sparsely puberulent, gland-dotted. |
Heads | 1–9. |
(1–)3–7+. |
Cypselae | (3–)4–5(–15) mm, glabrate; pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 2–3.5 mm plus 0–4 obtuse scales 0.5–1 mm. |
4–5 mm, glabrous; pappi of 2 aristate scales 2.2–2.5 mm. |
Paleae | 9–11 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth long-acuminate, glabrous or hispid). |
5–8 mm, entire or 3-toothed (apices ciliate). |
2n | = 34. |
= 34. |
Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus verticillatus |
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Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering late summer–fall. |
Habitat | Open areas | Wet prairies |
Elevation | 0–3000 m (0–9800 ft) | 100–300 m (300–1000 ft) |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Mexico; intoduced nearly worldwide
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AL; GA; TN |
Discussion | Helianthus annuus is widely distributed, including weedy, cultivated, and escaped plants. It is the only native North American species to become a major agronomic crop. Despite its considerable variability, attempts have failed to produce a widely adopted infraspecific system of classification. Forms with red-colored ray laminae, known from cultivation and occasionally seen escaped, trace their ancestry to a single original mutant plant. It hybridizes with many of the other annual species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Helianthus verticillatus is relatively uncommon and was recently rediscovered in scattered locations; it is a candidate for federal listing as an endangered species. It has been suggested to be a hybrid of H. angustifolius and H. eggertii or H. grosseserratus; no supporting evidence has been found to corroborate that suggestion. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 149. | FNA vol. 21, p. 166. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | H. annuus subsp. jaegeri, H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus var. lenticularis, H. annuus var. macrocarpus, H. annuus subsp. texanus, H. aridus, H. jaegeri, H. lenticularis, H. macrocarpus | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 904. (1753) | Small: Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 25: 479. (1898) |
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