Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus simulans |
|
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common sunflower, hairy leaf sunflower, sunflower |
muck sunflower |
|
Habit | Annuals, 100–300 cm. | Perennials, 150–260 cm (rhizomatous). |
Stems | erect, usually hispid. |
erect, strigose or hirsute. |
Leaves | mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 2–20 cm; blades lance-ovate to ovate, 10–40 × 5–40 cm, bases cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margins serrate, abaxial faces usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted. |
basal and cauline; opposite or alternate; petioles 0.5–1 cm; blades (3-nerved distal to bases) linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, 9–22 cm × 0.7–4 cm, bases cuneate, margins entire or sub-entire (usually slightly revolute), abaxial faces hispidulous to tomentulose, gland-dotted. |
Peduncles | 2–20 cm. |
1–13 cm. |
Involucres | hemispheric or broader, 15–40(–200+) mm diam. |
± hemispheric, 13–18 mm diam. |
Ray florets | (13–)17–30(–100+); laminae 25–50 mm. |
12–23; laminae 16–40 mm (abaxial faces gland-dotted). |
Disc florets | 150+(–1000+); corollas 5–8 mm (throats ± bulbous at bases), lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark (style branches yellow). |
100+; corollas 5–5.5 mm, lobes yellow or reddish; anthers dark brown or black, appendages dark. |
Phyllaries | 20–30(–100+), ovate to lance-ovate, 13–25 × (3–)5–8 mm, (margins usually ciliate) apices abruptly narrowed, long-acuminate, abaxial faces usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted. |
25–35 (loose), lance-linear to lanceolate, 6–17 × 1.5–3 mm, apices acuminate, abaxial faces glabrate to sparsely strigose, gland-dotted. |
Heads | 1–9. |
1–15. |
Cypselae | (3–)4–5(–15) mm, glabrate; pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 2–3.5 mm plus 0–4 obtuse scales 0.5–1 mm. |
2.5–3 mm, glabrous; pappi of 2 (usually unequal) aristate scales 1.5–2.4 mm. |
Paleae | 9–11 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth long-acuminate, glabrous or hispid). |
5.5–6.5 mm, 3- (or 5-)toothed (distally strigose, gland-dotted). |
2n | = 34. |
= 34. |
Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus simulans |
|
Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering fall. |
Habitat | Open areas | Wet soils, ditches, roadsides |
Elevation | 0–3000 m [0–9800 ft] | 0–50+ m [0–160+ ft] |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Mexico; intoduced nearly worldwide
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AL; FL; GA; LA; SC |
Discussion | Helianthus annuus is widely distributed, including weedy, cultivated, and escaped plants. It is the only native North American species to become a major agronomic crop. Despite its considerable variability, attempts have failed to produce a widely adopted infraspecific system of classification. Forms with red-colored ray laminae, known from cultivation and occasionally seen escaped, trace their ancestry to a single original mutant plant. It hybridizes with many of the other annual species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Helianthus simulans is similar to H. angustifolius, but much more robust with larger leaves, and to H. floridanus, but with longer and narrower leaves. Some workers have described H. simulans as having yellow disc corollas; this is variable within the species; individuals with reddish disc corolla lobes also occur. It is becoming popular as a garden plant, which may increase its range and may lead to an increase in the occurrence of hybrids with H. angustifolius and H. floridanus. It may be present in Arkansas and Texas. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 149. | FNA vol. 21, p. 164. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | H. annuus subsp. jaegeri, H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus var. lenticularis, H. annuus var. macrocarpus, H. annuus subsp. texanus, H. aridus, H. jaegeri, H. lenticularis, H. macrocarpus | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 904. (1753) | E. Watson: Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci. 9: 363, plate 49. (1929) |
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