Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus mollis |
|
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common sunflower, hairy leaf sunflower, sunflower |
ashy sunflower, downy sunflower |
|
Habit | Annuals, 100–300 cm. | Perennials, 50–150+ cm (rhizoma-tous). |
Stems | erect, usually hispid. |
erect, hirsute to villous. |
Leaves | mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 2–20 cm; blades lance-ovate to ovate, 10–40 × 5–40 cm, bases cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margins serrate, abaxial faces usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted. |
mostly cauline; mostly opposite (sometimes alternate among heads); sessile; blades (ashy or gray-green, 3-nerved distal to bases) lanceolate to broadly ovate, 5.5–14.5 × 1.8–6.5 cm, bases rounded to cordate, margins entire or serrulate, abaxial faces hispid to tomentose, gland-dotted. |
Peduncles | 2–20 cm. |
0.1–15 cm. |
Involucres | hemispheric or broader, 15–40(–200+) mm diam. |
broadly hemispheric, 12–25 mm diam. |
Ray florets | (13–)17–30(–100+); laminae 25–50 mm. |
17–22; laminae 25–30 mm (abaxial faces densely gland-dotted). |
Disc florets | 150+(–1000+); corollas 5–8 mm (throats ± bulbous at bases), lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark (style branches yellow). |
75+; corollas 6–7.5 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark, appendages dark. |
Phyllaries | 20–30(–100+), ovate to lance-ovate, 13–25 × (3–)5–8 mm, (margins usually ciliate) apices abruptly narrowed, long-acuminate, abaxial faces usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted. |
30–40, lanceolate, (5–)10–16 × 2–3.5 mm, apices usually acute, sometimes acuminate, abaxial faces densely hispid to villous or tomentose, densely gland-dotted. |
Heads | 1–9. |
1–15. |
Cypselae | (3–)4–5(–15) mm, glabrate; pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 2–3.5 mm plus 0–4 obtuse scales 0.5–1 mm. |
3.5–4 mm, distally villous; pappi of 2 aristate scales 2.8–3.2 mm. |
Paleae | 9–11 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth long-acuminate, glabrous or hispid). |
(oblanceolate) 9–11 mm, entire (1-toothed, densely hairy, densely gland-dotted). |
2n | = 34. |
= 34. |
Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus mollis |
|
Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering summer–early fall. |
Habitat | Open areas | Prairies, roadsides |
Elevation | 0–3000 m [0–9800 ft] | 10–600+ m [30–2000+ ft] |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Mexico; intoduced nearly worldwide
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AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MO; MS; NC; NE; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; ON
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Discussion | Helianthus annuus is widely distributed, including weedy, cultivated, and escaped plants. It is the only native North American species to become a major agronomic crop. Despite its considerable variability, attempts have failed to produce a widely adopted infraspecific system of classification. Forms with red-colored ray laminae, known from cultivation and occasionally seen escaped, trace their ancestry to a single original mutant plant. It hybridizes with many of the other annual species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Helianthus mollis is introduced in Ontario and adventive in the eastern United States (e.g., Maine), where it is continuing to spread, particularly along roads. Natural hybrids between H. mollis and H. occidentalis have been named H. cinereus Torrey & A. Gray (R. C. Jackson and A. T. Guard 1957); they differ from H. mollis by having smaller heads with fewer ray florets and narrower leaves with cuneate bases. Hybrids of H. mollis with H. giganteus have been called H. doronicoides Lamarck (Jackson 1956). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 149. | FNA vol. 21, p. 163. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | H. annuus subsp. jaegeri, H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus var. lenticularis, H. annuus var. macrocarpus, H. annuus subsp. texanus, H. aridus, H. jaegeri, H. lenticularis, H. macrocarpus | H. mollis var. cordatus |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 904. (1753) | Lamarck: in J. Lamarck et al., Encycl. 3: 85. (1789) |
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