Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus laevigatus |
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common sunflower, hairy leaf sunflower, sunflower |
smooth sunflower |
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Habit | Annuals, 100–300 cm. | Perennials, 100–220 cm (rhizomatous). |
Stems | erect, usually hispid. |
erect, usually glabrous, sometimes proximally hirsute (glaucous). |
Leaves | mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 2–20 cm; blades lance-ovate to ovate, 10–40 × 5–40 cm, bases cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margins serrate, abaxial faces usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted. |
cauline; opposite (proximal) or alternate; sessile or subsessile; blades (grayish green or bluish green) lanceolate, 8–15 × 1.5–3.5 cm, bases ± cuneate, margins serrate to subentire, abaxial faces glabrous or glabrate (smooth or slightly rough to touch, glaucous). |
Peduncles | 2–20 cm. |
2–8 cm. cm. |
Involucres | hemispheric or broader, 15–40(–200+) mm diam. |
cylindric, 10–15 mm diam. |
Ray florets | (13–)17–30(–100+); laminae 25–50 mm. |
5–10; laminae 15–20 mm. |
Disc florets | 150+(–1000+); corollas 5–8 mm (throats ± bulbous at bases), lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark (style branches yellow). |
35+; corollas 5.5–6.5 mm, lobes yellow; anthers dark, appendages dark. |
Phyllaries | 20–30(–100+), ovate to lance-ovate, 13–25 × (3–)5–8 mm, (margins usually ciliate) apices abruptly narrowed, long-acuminate, abaxial faces usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted. |
23–28, lanceolate, 6–13 × 2–3 mm, (margins sometimes ciliate) apices acuminate, abaxial faces glabrous, not gland-dotted. |
Heads | 1–9. |
1–6. |
Cypselae | (3–)4–5(–15) mm, glabrate; pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 2–3.5 mm plus 0–4 obtuse scales 0.5–1 mm. |
4–5.5 mm, glabrous; pappi of 2 aristate scales 3.2–4.1 mm plus 0–1 deltate scales 0.5–1.1 mm. |
Paleae | 9–11 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth long-acuminate, glabrous or hispid). |
8.5–10 mm, 3-toothed to subentire. |
2n | = 34. |
= 68. |
Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus laevigatus |
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Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering late summer–fall. |
Habitat | Open areas | Shale barrens |
Elevation | 0–3000 m [0–9800 ft] | 300–900+ m [1000–3000+ ft] |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Mexico; intoduced nearly worldwide
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NC; SC; VA; WV |
Discussion | Helianthus annuus is widely distributed, including weedy, cultivated, and escaped plants. It is the only native North American species to become a major agronomic crop. Despite its considerable variability, attempts have failed to produce a widely adopted infraspecific system of classification. Forms with red-colored ray laminae, known from cultivation and occasionally seen escaped, trace their ancestry to a single original mutant plant. It hybridizes with many of the other annual species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 149. | FNA vol. 21, p. 158. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | H. annuus subsp. jaegeri, H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus var. lenticularis, H. annuus var. macrocarpus, H. annuus subsp. texanus, H. aridus, H. jaegeri, H. lenticularis, H. macrocarpus | H. laevigatus subsp. reindutus, H. reindutus |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 904. (1753) | Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 2: 330. (1842) |
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