Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus exilis |
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common sunflower, hairy leaf sunflower, sunflower |
serpentine sunflower |
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Habit | Annuals, 100–300 cm. | Annuals, 30–100 cm. |
Stems | erect, usually hispid. |
(often reddish) erect, hairy. |
Leaves | mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 2–20 cm; blades lance-ovate to ovate, 10–40 × 5–40 cm, bases cuneate to subcordate or cordate, margins serrate, abaxial faces usually ± hispid, sometimes gland-dotted. |
mostly cauline; mostly alternate; petioles 0.7–2.5 cm; blades lance-linear to lance-ovate or ovate, 3–15 × 0.5–3 cm, bases cuneate, margins usually entire or shallowly serrate, abaxial faces gland-dotted. |
Peduncles | 2–20 cm. |
(1–)3–13(–20) cm. |
Involucres | hemispheric or broader, 15–40(–200+) mm diam. |
hemispheric, 15–20 mm diam. |
Ray florets | (13–)17–30(–100+); laminae 25–50 mm. |
10–13; laminae 14–20 mm. |
Disc florets | 150+(–1000+); corollas 5–8 mm (throats ± bulbous at bases), lobes usually reddish, sometimes yellow; anthers brownish to black, appendages yellow or dark (style branches yellow). |
50+; corollas 4–6 mm, lobes reddish; anthers reddish purple, appendages usually purplish (style branches reddish or yellow). |
Phyllaries | 20–30(–100+), ovate to lance-ovate, 13–25 × (3–)5–8 mm, (margins usually ciliate) apices abruptly narrowed, long-acuminate, abaxial faces usually hirsute to hispid, rarely glabrate or glabrous, usually gland-dotted. |
12–17, lanceolate, 8–17 × 3–4 mm, apices narrowed gradually, abaxial faces hirsute. |
Heads | 1–9. |
1–7. |
Cypselae | (3–)4–5(–15) mm, glabrate; pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 2–3.5 mm plus 0–4 obtuse scales 0.5–1 mm. |
(2.5–)3–3.5(–4) mm, glabrate; pappi of 2 lanceolate scales 1.7–2.7 mm. |
Paleae | 9–11 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth long-acuminate, glabrous or hispid). |
9.5–10 mm, 3-toothed (middle teeth surpassing discs, apices greenish or yellow-brown, glabrous). |
2n | = 34. |
= 34. |
Helianthus annuus |
Helianthus exilis |
|
Phenology | Flowering summer–fall. | Flowering summer–early fall. |
Habitat | Open areas | Gravelly streamsides on serpentine |
Elevation | 0–3000 m [0–9800 ft] | 100–1400 m [300–4600 ft] |
Distribution |
AL; AR; AZ; CA; CO; CT; DC; DE; FL; GA; IA; ID; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NM; NV; NY; OH; OK; OR; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; UT; VA; VT; WA; WI; WV; WY; AB; BC; MB; NB; NS; NT; ON; PE; QC; SK; SPM; Mexico; intoduced nearly worldwide
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CA |
Discussion | Helianthus annuus is widely distributed, including weedy, cultivated, and escaped plants. It is the only native North American species to become a major agronomic crop. Despite its considerable variability, attempts have failed to produce a widely adopted infraspecific system of classification. Forms with red-colored ray laminae, known from cultivation and occasionally seen escaped, trace their ancestry to a single original mutant plant. It hybridizes with many of the other annual species. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Of conservation concern. Helianthus exilis is very similar morphologically to H. bolanderi and is often included in it; there are discrete differences between the two for fatty acid composition (C. E. Rogers et al. 1982) as well as some molecular markers (L. H. Rieseberg et al. 1988). It is listed as of concern by the California Native Plant Society. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 149. | FNA vol. 21, p. 150. |
Parent taxa | ||
Sibling taxa | ||
Synonyms | H. annuus subsp. jaegeri, H. annuus subsp. lenticularis, H. annuus var. lenticularis, H. annuus var. macrocarpus, H. annuus subsp. texanus, H. aridus, H. jaegeri, H. lenticularis, H. macrocarpus | |
Name authority | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 904. (1753) | A. Gray: Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 6: 545. (1865) |
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