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hélénie nudiflore, purple sneezeweed, purple-head sneezeweed

Virginia sneezeweed

Habit Perennials, 30–100 cm. Perennials, 30–130 cm.
Stems

usually 1, usually branched distally, strongly winged, glabrous or sparsely hairy proximally, sparsely to moderately hairy distally.

1(–2), branched distally, strongly winged, glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy proximally, glabrous or sparsely hairy distally.

Leaves

glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy;

basal blades oblanceolate to obovate or spatulate, entire or serrate;

proximal and mid blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, entire or toothed;

distal blades lanceolate to lance-linear, entire.

glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy;

basal blades oblanceolate, weakly to strongly lobed;

proximal and mid blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, usually entire, sometimes dentate;

distal blades usually lanceolate, entire.

Peduncles

3–10 cm, sparsely to moderately hairy.

2–8 cm, sparsely to moderately hairy.

Involucres

globoid to usually ovoid, 8–17 × 9–17 mm.

globoid, 8–15 × 10–16 mm.

Ray florets

usually 8–13, neuter, sometimes 0;

corollas yellow to reddish brown to red to purple, 10–20 × 5–10 mm.

8–13, pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow, 10–15 × 4–10 mm.

Disc florets

250–500(–700+);

corollas yellow proximally and purple distally or purple throughout, 2.3–3.7 mm, lobes 4(–5).

200–400+;

corollas yellow proximally, yellow to yellow-brown distally, 2.5–3.5 mm, lobes 5.

Phyllaries

(connate proximally) moderately to densely hairy.

(connate proximally) sparsely to moderately hairy.

Heads

(1–)5–50(–80+) per plant, in paniculiform arrays.

2–25+ per plant, in paniculiform arrays.

Cypselae

1–1.2 mm, moderately hairy;

pappi of 5–6 entire, aristate scales 0.6–1(–1.7) mm.

1.8–2.3 mm, moderately hairy;

pappi of 5–6 entire, aristate scales 1.3–2 mm.

2n

= 28.

Helenium flexuosum

Helenium virginicum

Phenology Flowering (Apr–)May–Jul(–Oct). Flowering Jul–Sep.
Habitat Ditches, fields, washes, along streams Around ponds, lakes, and bogs, swampy meadows
Elevation 10–900 m (0–3000 ft) 300–500 m (1000–1600 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; NS; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
MO; VA
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

It has been suggested that Helenium flexuosum may be of hybrid origin from H. campestre (perennial, 2n = 28) and some member of Helenium sect. Tetrodus (H. F. L. Rock 1957). The only member of sect. Tetrodus that has a chromosome number of 2n = 28 is H. linifolium, an annual from southern Texas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Of conservation concern.

M. C. Simurda and J. S. Knox (2000) presented ITS sequence data that placed a population of Helenium virginicum from the Ozark highlands of southern Missouri in a monophyletic group with six populations of H. virginicum from the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia. R. L. Rimer and J. W. Summers (Missouri Department of Conservation, pers. comm.) located 42 H. virginicum populations in six counties in the Ozark highlands of Missouri. G. A. Yatskievych (Missouri Botanical Garden, pers. comm. to editors) has stated, “. . . the existence of this taxon in Missouri is no longer a matter of a single odd population, but probably rather another case of a taxon with two disjunct centers following dissection of a range during the Pleistocene glaciation.”

Helenium virginicum is in the Center for Plant Conservation’s National Collection of Endangered Plants.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Source FNA vol. 21, p. 429. FNA vol. 21, p. 431.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Helenium Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Helenium
Sibling taxa
H. amarum, H. arizonicum, H. autumnale, H. bigelovii, H. bolanderi, H. brevifolium, H. campestre, H. drummondii, H. elegans, H. linifolium, H. microcephalum, H. pinnatifidum, H. puberulum, H. quadridentatum, H. thurberi, H. vernale, H. virginicum
H. amarum, H. arizonicum, H. autumnale, H. bigelovii, H. bolanderi, H. brevifolium, H. campestre, H. drummondii, H. elegans, H. flexuosum, H. linifolium, H. microcephalum, H. pinnatifidum, H. puberulum, H. quadridentatum, H. thurberi, H. vernale
Synonyms H. nudiflorum
Name authority Rafinesque: New Fl. 4: 81. (1838) S. F. Blake: Claytonia 3: 13. (1936)
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