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hélénie nudiflore, purple sneezeweed, purple-head sneezeweed

bitter sneezeweed, fiveleaf sneezeweed, narrow-leaf sneezeweed, sneezeweed, yellow sneezeweed, yellowdicks

Habit Perennials, 30–100 cm. Annuals, 10–100 cm.
Stems

usually 1, usually branched distally, strongly winged, glabrous or sparsely hairy proximally, sparsely to moderately hairy distally.

1–3(–15), usually branched distally, not winged, glabrous or sparsely hairy.

Leaves

glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy;

basal blades oblanceolate to obovate or spatulate, entire or serrate;

proximal and mid blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, entire or toothed;

distal blades lanceolate to lance-linear, entire.

glabrous or sparsely hairy;

basal blades linear to ovate, entire or pinnately toothed or lobed to pinnatifid;

mid and distal blades linear, entire.

Peduncles

3–10 cm, sparsely to moderately hairy.

3–11 cm, sparsely hairy.

Involucres

globoid to usually ovoid, 8–17 × 9–17 mm.

hemispheric to globose or globoid, 5–9 × 6–10 mm.

Ray florets

usually 8–13, neuter, sometimes 0;

corollas yellow to reddish brown to red to purple, 10–20 × 5–10 mm.

8–10, pistillate, fertile;

corollas yellow, 4.5–14 × 2–10 mm.

Disc florets

250–500(–700+);

corollas yellow proximally and purple distally or purple throughout, 2.3–3.7 mm, lobes 4(–5).

75–250+;

corollas yellow proximally, yellow to yellow-brown or purple distally, 1.6–2.7 × 0.8–1.2 mm, lobes 5.

Phyllaries

(connate proximally) moderately to densely hairy.

moderately to densely hairy.

Heads

(1–)5–50(–80+) per plant, in paniculiform arrays.

(1–)10–150(–250+) per plant, in paniculiform arrays.

Cypselae

1–1.2 mm, moderately hairy;

pappi of 5–6 entire, aristate scales 0.6–1(–1.7) mm.

0.7–1.3 mm, moderately to densely hairy;

pappi of 6–8 entire, aristate scales 1–1.8 mm.

2n

= 28.

Helenium flexuosum

Helenium amarum

Phenology Flowering (Apr–)May–Jul(–Oct).
Habitat Ditches, fields, washes, along streams
Elevation 10–900 m (0–3000 ft)
Distribution
from FNA
AL; AR; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; NS; ON; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; AR; CA; DC; FL; GA; IN; KS; LA; MI; MO; MS; NC; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; n Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

It has been suggested that Helenium flexuosum may be of hybrid origin from H. campestre (perennial, 2n = 28) and some member of Helenium sect. Tetrodus (H. F. L. Rock 1957). The only member of sect. Tetrodus that has a chromosome number of 2n = 28 is H. linifolium, an annual from southern Texas.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Varieties 2 (2 in the flora).

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Basal and proximal cauline leaves usually withered by flowering; basal blades usually entire or pinnately toothed, sometimes pinnatifid; proximal blades usually entire, sometimes pinnately toothed; disc corollas yellow to yellow-brown distally
var. amarum
1. Basal and proximal cauline leaves often present at, sometimes withered by, flowering; basal blades pinnatifid; proximal blades entire or pinnately toothed or lobed to pinnatifid; disc corollas purple distally
var. badium
Source FNA vol. 21, p. 429. FNA vol. 21, p. 428.
Parent taxa Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Helenium Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Helenium
Sibling taxa
H. amarum, H. arizonicum, H. autumnale, H. bigelovii, H. bolanderi, H. brevifolium, H. campestre, H. drummondii, H. elegans, H. linifolium, H. microcephalum, H. pinnatifidum, H. puberulum, H. quadridentatum, H. thurberi, H. vernale, H. virginicum
H. arizonicum, H. autumnale, H. bigelovii, H. bolanderi, H. brevifolium, H. campestre, H. drummondii, H. elegans, H. flexuosum, H. linifolium, H. microcephalum, H. pinnatifidum, H. puberulum, H. quadridentatum, H. thurberi, H. vernale, H. virginicum
Subordinate taxa
H. amarum var. amarum, H. amarum var. badium
Synonyms H. nudiflorum Gaillardia amara, H. tenuifolium
Name authority Rafinesque: New Fl. 4: 81. (1838) (Rafinesque) H. Rock: Rhodora 59: 131. (1957)
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