Helenium flexuosum |
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Gaillardiinae |
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hélénie nudiflore, purple sneezeweed, purple-head sneezeweed |
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Habit | Perennials, 30–100 cm. | Annuals, biennials, perennials, subshrubs, or shrubs, 3–160 cm. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | usually 1, usually branched distally, strongly winged, glabrous or sparsely hairy proximally, sparsely to moderately hairy distally. |
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Leaves | glabrous or sparsely to moderately hairy; basal blades oblanceolate to obovate or spatulate, entire or serrate; proximal and mid blades oblanceolate to lanceolate, entire or toothed; distal blades lanceolate to lance-linear, entire. |
basal, basal and cauline, or cauline; alternate; petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, filiform, lanceolate, linear, oblong, ovate, or spatulate, often 1–2-pinnately or -ternately lobed, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or hairy, usually gland-dotted. |
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Peduncles | 3–10 cm, sparsely to moderately hairy. |
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Involucres | globoid to usually ovoid, 8–17 × 9–17 mm. |
mostly campanulate, cylindric, hemispheric, obconic, or ± rotate. |
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Receptacles | mostly conic, convex, flat, globose, hemispheric, or ovoid, epaleate (smooth or slightly to deeply pitted, sometimes with setiform enations, sometimes gland-dotted; outer disc florets rarely subtended by paleae in Amblyolepis). |
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Ray florets | usually 8–13, neuter, sometimes 0; corollas yellow to reddish brown to red to purple, 10–20 × 5–10 mm. |
0, or 1–55 (in 1–3 series), pistillate and fertile, or styliferous and sterile, or neuter; corollas mostly yellow to orange, sometimes wholly or partly purple, red-brown, or reddish. |
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Disc florets | 250–500(–700+); corollas yellow proximally and purple distally or purple throughout, 2.3–3.7 mm, lobes 4(–5). |
5–250+, usually bisexual and fertile, rarely functionally staminate; corollas yellow, orange, or wholly or partly purple, red-brown, or reddish, tubes much shorter than to about equaling slightly to abruptly and greatly dilated, funnelform to campanulate or urceolate throats, lobes 5, deltate to lance-deltate (equal or unequal, often attenuate, glabrous, papillate, or hairy, hairs sometimes moniliform); anther thecae pale; stigmatic papillae in 2 lines. |
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Phyllaries | (connate proximally) moderately to densely hairy. |
persistent, 5–50+ in 2–3+ series, distinct or outer connate, mostly elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, or ovate, subequal or unequal (erect or reflexed in fruit, usually herbaceous to scarious, margins seldom scarious). |
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Calyculi | 0. |
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Heads | (1–)5–50(–80+) per plant, in paniculiform arrays. |
mostly radiate or discoid (rarely radiant), usually borne singly, sometimes in glomerules or corymbiform arrays. |
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Cypselae | 1–1.2 mm, moderately hairy; pappi of 5–6 entire, aristate scales 0.6–1(–1.7) mm. |
usually obpyramidal, sometimes clavate, columnar, or obconic (lengths usually 1–2.5, rarely to 3.5 diams.), mostly densely and shaggily hairy, sometimes sparsely hairy or glabrate; pappi usually persistent, of 2–12 scales, sometimes 0 or of 35–150 bristles (Psathyrotes). |
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2n | = 28. |
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Helenium flexuosum |
Asteraceae tribe Heliantheae subtribe Gaillardiinae |
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Phenology | Flowering (Apr–)May–Jul(–Oct). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Ditches, fields, washes, along streams | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 10–900 m (0–3000 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; FL; GA; IL; IN; KY; LA; MA; MD; MI; MO; MS; NC; NJ; OH; OK; PA; SC; TN; TX; VA; WI; WV; NS; ON; QC
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Mexico; South America; Mostly sw United States |
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Discussion | It has been suggested that Helenium flexuosum may be of hybrid origin from H. campestre (perennial, 2n = 28) and some member of Helenium sect. Tetrodus (H. F. L. Rock 1957). The only member of sect. Tetrodus that has a chromosome number of 2n = 28 is H. linifolium, an annual from southern Texas. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Genera 12, species 123 (11 genera, 73 species in the flora). The circumscription of Gaillardiinae adopted here is that of H. Robinson (1981). In studies of epaleate Heliantheae, B. G. Baldwin adopted a narrower circumscription of the subtribe (Baldwin and B. L. Wessa 2000; Baldwin et al. 2002). Gaillardiinae in sense of Baldwin includes Balduina, Gaillardia, and Helenium; dispositions by Baldwin of other genera of Gaillardiinae in the broad sense include: Plateilema in Plateileminae, Psathyrotes and Trichoptilium in Psathyrotinae, and Amblyolepis, Baileya, Hymenoxys, Psilostrophe, and Tetraneuris in Tetraneuriinae (all in Helenieae sensu Baldwin). Psilostrophinae B. L. Turner & A. M. Powell is a superfluous name (circumscription included type of Riddelliinae O. Hoffmann). (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 21, p. 429. | FNA vol. 21, p. 415. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae > Helenium | Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Synonyms | H. nudiflorum | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Rafinesque: New Fl. 4: 81. (1838) | Lessing: Linnaea 6: 516. (1831) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Web links |