sneezeweed
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Annuals or perennials, 10–160 cm. |
1(–10), erect, simple or branched distally (usually ± winged by decurrent leaf bases), glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy. |
usually mostly cauline; mostly alternate (proximal sometimes opposite); petiolate or sessile; blades mostly elliptic, lanceolate, linear, oblanceolate, oblong, ovate, or spatulate, often pinnately lobed or pinnatifid, ultimate margins entire or toothed, faces glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, gland-dotted. |
± globose, hemispheric, obconic, or ovoid, 4–34 mm diam. |
conic, ± globose, hemispheric, or ovoid, pitted (glabrous), epaleate (rarely bearing setiform enations). |
0 or 7–34, pistillate and fertile or neuter; corollas yellow, yellow with purple streaks, reddish brown to red proximally and yellow distally, or reddish brown to red or purple throughout. |
75–1000+, bisexual, fertile; corollas yellow, purple, or yellow to yellow-green proximally and yellow-brown, brown or reddish brown to purple distally, tubes shorter than throats, lobes 4 or 5, ± deltate (style-branch apices penicillate or truncate). |
persistent, 9–34(–40+) in (1–)2[–3] series (distinct or proximally connate, usually reflexed in fruit, glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy, gland-dotted). |
radiate or discoid, borne singly or (2–300+) in paniculiform to corymbiform arrays. |
mostly obpyramidal, 4–5-angled, glabrous or sparsely to densely hairy; pappi persistent, of 5–12 entire or ± lacerate, sometimes aristate scales. |
= 17. |
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North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies (Cuba) |
Species ca. 32 (18 in the flora). Helenium polyphyllum Small is apparently a hybrid between H. autumnale and H. flexuosum. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
| H. amarum |
1. Stems ± winged (by decurrent leaf bases) | → 2 |
2. Ray florets usually 8–34, neuter (if rays 0, perennials from e or se United States) | → 3 |
2. Ray florets usually 7–30, pistillate, fertile (if rays 0, plants either perennials from w United States or annuals) | → 8 |
3. Heads 1(–3); disc corollas mostly yellow, sometimes yellow-brown distally | → 4 |
3. Heads 1–80+; disc corollas usually purple, sometimes red-brown or yellow-brown distally or throughout | → 6 |
4. Pappus scales deeply lacerate; e Texas, sw Louisiana | H. drummondii |
4. Pappus scales entire or slightly lacerate (never deeply lacerate); se Louisiana, s Mississippi, s Alabama, s Georgia, se South Carolina, s North Carolina, Florida | → 5 |
5. Leaves of basal rosettes usually pinnatifid; peduncles hairy; cypselae hairy | H. pinnatifidum |
5. Leaves of basal rosettes usually entire; peduncles usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hairy; cypselae glabrous | H. vernale |
6. Heads (1–)5–50(–80); pappi of aristate scales | H. flexuosum |
6. Heads 1–20; pappi of non-aristate scales | → 7 |
7. Stems densely hairy proximally; leaves moderately to densely hairy; pappi 0.3–0.5 mm; nc Arkansas | H. campestre |
7. Stems glabrous proximally; leaves glabrous or sparsely hairy; pappi 1–1.7 mm; se United States | H. brevifolium |
| → 9 |
| → 13 |
9. Stems unbranched or sparingly branched distally | → 10 |
9. Stems strongly branched distally | → 11 |
10. Peduncles usually densely hairy; pappi (2.5–)3–4.5 mm | H. bolanderi |
10. Peduncles sparsely to moderately hairy; pappi 1.3–2.2(–2.7) mm | H. bigelovii |
11. Rays usually 13–15, sometimes 0, corollas 3.8–10 mm; disc corollas yello to reddish brown or purple distally, lobes 4(–5) | H. puberulum |
11. Rays 8–21, corollas 10–23 mm; disc corollas yellow to yellow-brown distally, lobes 5 | → 12 |
12. Leaves: basal blades oblanceolate, obovate, or spatulate (withered by flowering), mid blades usually dentate, distal blades entire or dentate; United States and s Canada | H. autumnale |
12. Leaves: basal blades oblanceolate (usually present at flowering), mid blades usually entire, sometimes dentate; swampy meadows, Missouri, Virginia | H. virginicum |
13. Pappi of aristate scales | → 14 |
13. Pappi of non-aristate scales | → 16 |
14. Disc corolla lobes 4(–5); California | H. puberulum |
14. Disc corolla lobes 5; Arizona, Texas | → 15 |
15. Stems weakly winged (leaf bases scarcely decurrent from node to node); cypselae 2–2.9 mm; n Arizona | H. arizonicum |
15. Stems narrowly winged (leaf bases decurrent from node to node); cypselae 1–1.2 mm; s Texas | H. linifolium |
16. Involucres globoid and distal leaves entire | H. elegans |
16. Involucres usually ovoid to obconic (if globoid, distal leaves serrate to undulate-serrate) | → 17 |
17. Distal leaves serrate to undulate-serrate; disc corolla lobes (4–)5 | H. microcephalum |
17. Distal leaves entire; disc corolla lobes 4 | → 18 |
| H. quadridentatum |
| H. thurberi |
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FNA vol. 21, p. 426. Author: Mark W. Bierner. |
Asteraceae > tribe Heliantheae > subtribe Gaillardiinae |
H. amarum, H. arizonicum, H. autumnale, H. bigelovii, H. bolanderi, H. brevifolium, H. campestre, H. drummondii, H. elegans, H. flexuosum, H. linifolium, H. microcephalum, H. pinnatifidum, H. puberulum, H. quadridentatum, H. thurberi, H. vernale, H. virginicum |
Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 2: 886. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 377. (1754) — (as Helenia) |
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