Geum canadense |
Geum |
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benoîte du Canada, white avens |
avens, benoîte |
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Habit | Plants leafy-stemmed. | Herbs, perennial, subscapose or leafy-stemmed, 1–12 dm, glabrous or hairy; from stout caudices or rhizomatous, fibrous-rooted. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Stems | 30–100 cm, glabrate to downy, hairs to 1.5 mm, sometimes glandular. |
1–5, erect, simple. |
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Leaves | basal 10–25 cm, blade simple or pinnate, major leaflets 3–5, plus 0–4 minor basal ones, terminal leaflet larger than major laterals; cauline 3–8 cm, stipules ± free, 4–13 × 1–7 mm, blade 3-foliolate or simple and 3-lobed to unlobed. |
winter-persistent (basal), basal and cauline, simple, 3-foliolate, lyrate-pinnate, or odd-pinnate (commonly with smaller leaflets intermixed with larger ones); stipules often conspicuous, ± free or adnate to petiole or blade, linear, lanceolate, or ovate, margins entire, toothed, or lobed; petiole present, sometimes absent on cauline leaves; blade oblanceolate, obovate, elliptic, ovate, or orbiculate, herbaceous, major leaflets 1–26, rhombic, elliptic, oblong, obovate, oblanceolate, orbiculate, reniform, or cordate, margins flat, 2–7-lobed and/or laciniate, serrate, dentate, or crenate, venation pinnate or palmate. |
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Inflorescences | 3–15-flowered. |
terminal, 1–18-flowered, cymes, open; bracts present as reduced cauline leaves; bracteoles present or absent. |
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Pedicels | densely hairy, hairs of varying lengths, few long stiff ones, sometimes glandular. |
present. |
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Flowers | erect; epicalyx bractlets 0.5–1.5 mm; hypanthium green; sepals spreading but soon reflexed, 3–6 mm; petals spreading, white, obovate to oblong, (3–)4–8 mm, ± equal to or slightly longer than sepals, apex rounded. |
4–46 mm diam.; epicalyx bractlets, if present, 5 (10 in G. glaciale); hypanthium saucer-shaped to cup-shaped, 2–6 mm; sepals 5(–10 in G. glaciale), erect to erect-spreading, reflexed or not, deltate, deltate-ovate, or deltate-lanceolate; petals 5(–9 in G. glaciale), white to yellow, sometimes suffused with pink or purple, or purple-veined, obovate, orbiculate, ovate, obcordate, obdeltate, spatulate, suborbiculate, elliptic, or oblong; stamens [10–]25–120, shorter than petals; torus hemispheric to cylindric; carpels (2–)20–250(–450), styles entire or geniculate-jointed, distal portions then deciduous; ovule 1. |
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Fruiting tori | sessile, densely bristly, hairs 1–2.3 mm. |
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Fruiting styles | geniculate-jointed, proximal segment persistent, 2–8 mm, apex hooked, usually glabrous, sometimes sparsely hairy or stipitate-glandular, distal segment deciduous, 1–2 mm, pilose in basal 1/2, hairs much longer than diam. of style. |
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Fruits | aggregated achenes, (2–)20–250(–450), ovoid to fusiform, tapered apically into style, 2–4.5 mm; hypanthium persistent; sepals persistent, erect, spreading, recurved, or reflexed; styles persistent, becoming accrescent, hooked and elongating to 10 mm, or not hooked and elongating to 70 mm. |
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x | = 7. |
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2n | = 42. |
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Geum canadense |
Geum |
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Phenology | Flowering spring–summer. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Habitat | Lowlands and upland forests, meadows, along streams, thickets, bottomland hardwoods, swamps | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Elevation | 0–600 m (0–2000 ft) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Distribution |
AL; AR; CT; DC; DE; GA; IA; IL; IN; KS; KY; LA; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; MO; MS; MT; NC; ND; NE; NH; NJ; NY; OH; OK; PA; RI; SC; SD; TN; TX; VA; VT; WI; WV; WY; MB; NB; NS; ON; PE; QC; Mexico (Chiapas)
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North America; Mexico; South America; Eurasia; Africa; Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia; temperate and arctic-alpine regions |
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Discussion | Varieties and forms have been described in an effort to classify the variation encompassed in Geum canadense. In the eastern half of the United States, it is by far the most common, widespread, and variable of the Geum species. Nearly all writers of recent floras have not found it worthwhile to apply names to the variants. Perhaps the most distinctive and worthy of further consideration are plants from the southwestern corner of the range in Arkansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. These plants, some of which fit Fernald and Weatherby’s description of var. texanum, bloom from late March through May, significantly earlier than the rest of the species, which typically flowers after June first, even in the other southern states. Geum canadense hybridizes with G. urbanum (= G. ×catlingii J.-P. Bernard & R. Gauthier); see discussion under 15. G. urbanum. Geum album J. F. Gmelin is a superfluous name that pertains here. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
Species ca. 45 (16 in the flora). The most distinctive feature of many members of Geum is their geniculate-jointed style. The style has two parts, a persistent proximal segment and a deciduous distal segment. Where the two segments join, each bends to form a hook, with the hook of the proximal segment joined to the hook of the distal one. Seven of the 16 North American species of Geum lack this distinctive feature. Differences in style structure have led to differences in opinion as to generic delimitation and subgeneric classification of Geum. During the early twentieth century, species traditionally included in Geum were divided among an increasing number of segregate genera. F. Bolle (1933), in his worldwide monograph, recognized five genera. After conducting extensive cytogenetic studies on Geum for two decades, W. Gajewski (1957) concluded that the most reasonable approach was to classify all the species in one genus. Most flora writers since Gajewski have maintained the species in a single heteromorphic genus. J. E. E. Smedmark and her collaborators have utilized DNA sequences from ITS, chloroplast trnL-trnF region, and nuclear low-copy gene GBSSI (Smedmark and T. Eriksson 2002; Smedmark et al. 2003), along with scanning electron microscopy of gynoecial development (Smedmark and Eriksson 2006), to test hypotheses by Gajewski of fruit evolution and allopolyploidy in Geum and to explore the phylogenetic relationships among the species. Their data support none of the previous circumscriptions of Geum as a monophyletic group, nor most of the suggested segregate genera favored by taxonomists such as Bolle, E. L. Greene (1906), and P. A. Rydberg (1913b). The taxonomic solution chosen here for North American species is traditional yet consistent with the molecular data and recognizes two genera: Geum for the polyploid (2n = 28–116), herbaceous species and Sieversia for the diploid (2n = 14), suffrutescent species. Smedmark (2006) found that Waldsteinia might best be treated within Geum. It is also possible that Coluria R. Brown, Taihangia T. T. Yu & C. L. Li, and Waldsteinia are sister to Geum (Smedmark and Eriksson 2002). Waldsteinia (2n = 14) is retained here as a separate genus, with its traditional circumscription. Although most of Geum species in the flora area are reasonably distinct morphologically, their distinctive characteristics are not well correlated so as to be combined in a key using several characters per couplet, as was pointed out by E. G. Voss (1972–1996, vol. 2), whose key to Geum in Michigan served as a model for the key below. In particular, the characters that are useful in identifying specimens in flower do not correlate well with characters helpful in the identification of fruiting specimens. Specimens with both flowers and fruits are the easiest to identify with certainty, and both leads at couplet 11 in the key should be followed if possible. Petal color in Geum fades upon drying. Both white and yellow petals ultimately turn cream to pale yellow, thus rendering an important key character for fresh plants unreliable with most herbarium specimens. Collectors should note petal color on their labels. For taxonomists familiar with Geum, leaves provide valuable characters for distinguishing the species, especially when flower color is not known. The complex morphology of leaves and their variability do not suit them for wide use in keys. Variability occurs both among plants of one species and on one plant. In many of the species with geniculate-jointed styles, the basal leaf form changes over the growing season. Spring-developing leaves are often pinnate followed by lyrate-pinnate or 3-foliolate leaves, and in late summer by simple leaves that are winter-persistent. For instance, the basal leaves of G. laciniatum may appear like those of typical G. aleppicum in late spring, but look more like those of G. macrophyllum var. macrophyllum in late summer. Cauline leaves may vary from pinnate proximally to 3-foliolate at mid stem to simple just proximal to the inflorescence. Because variability of leaves within a single species is nearly as great as between some species, leaf descriptions are kept short. Measurements of leaf length include the petiole, if present. (Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.) |
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Key |
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Source | FNA vol. 9, p. 68. | FNA vol. 9, p. 58. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Parent taxa | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Colurieae > Geum | Rosaceae > subfam. Rosoideae > tribe Colurieae | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sibling taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Subordinate taxa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Synonyms | G. camporum, G. canadense var. brevipes, G. canadense var. camporum, G. canadense var. grimesii, G. canadense var. texanum | Acomastylis, Erythrocoma, Novosieversia, Stylypus | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Name authority | Jacquin: Hort. Bot. Vindob. 2: 82, plate 175. 1772–1773 | Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 500. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 220. (1754) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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