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diffuse groundsmoke, spreading groundsmoke

dwarf groundsmoke

Habit Herbs usually glabrous to strigillose, sometimes villous. Herbs glabrous or sparsely and minutely glandular distally.
Stems

erect, branched or unbranched near base, much branched distally, usually with 1 or 2 nodes between branches, distal branching dichotomous or lateral branches shortened, 5–60 cm.

erect, unbranched or spreading and branched near base, secondary branches few or none, branching not dichotomous, 5–20(–30) cm.

Leaves

reduced distally, 10–60 × 1–5 mm;

petiole 0–10 mm;

blade very narrowly lanceolate.

little reduced distally, crowded and often exceeding subtending internode, 10–25 × 1–3 mm;

petiole 0–10 mm;

blade very narrowly elliptic or lanceolate to sublinear.

Inflorescences

with flowers arising usually as proximally as first 1–20 nodes from base.

with flowers arising as proximally as first 1–3 nodes from base.

Flowers

sepals 0.9–3(–5) mm, reflexed singly or in pairs;

petals 1.2–5(–7) mm;

pollen 90–100% fertile;

stigma hemispheric to subglobose, exserted beyond anthers of longer stamens or surrounded by them at anthesis.

sepals 0.6–1.3 mm, reflexed singly;

petals 0.8–1.5mm;

pollen 90–100% fertile;

stigma subglobose, surrounded by anthers at anthesis.

Capsules

ascending to reflexed, subterete, 3–15 × 1–1.5 mm, with inconspicuous or conspicuous constrictions between seeds, valve margins somewhat undulate, all valves free from septum after dehiscence, septum straight or sinuous;

pedicel 2–10(–15) mm, usually shorter than capsule.

ascending, flattened, 8–17 × 1–2 mm, not constricted between seeds, valve margins entire or minutely undulate, 2 valves remaining attached to septum after dehiscence, septum straight;

pedicel 0–0.5 mm.

Seeds

(3–)6–18, all or most developing, arranged ± parallel to septum and in alternating pattern between locules, crowded, overlapping, often appearing to form 2 irregular rows in each locule, or well spaced, forming a single row in capsule, brown, sometimes mottled with gray, 1–1.6 × 0.5–0.8 mm, glabrous or puberulent.

24–50, all developing, arranged obliquely to septum and subopposite seeds in adjacent locule, forming 2 even rows in capsule, light brown, 0.7–1.1 × 0.3–0.4 mm, glabrous.

2n

= 28.

= 14.

Gayophytum diffusum

Gayophytum humile

Phenology Flowering May–Sep.
Habitat Drying margins of meadows, streams, lakes and pools.
Elevation 800–3000 m. (2600–9800 ft.)
Distribution
from USDA
w North America; n Mexico
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
CA; ID; MT; NV; OR; WA; WY; South America (Argentina, Chile)
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Subspecies 2 (2 in the flora).

Gayophytumdiffusum consists of a diverse assemblage of tetraploid populations, some of which are similar to every known diploid species except G. humile. The combination of characteristics of at least five diploid species in various ways suggests that the complex is derived from several independently formed allopolyploids that subsequently hybridized and segregated to produce the observed diversity.

Populations of Gayophytum diffusum differ in breeding behavior. Populations with relatively large flowers and stigmas that extend beyond the anthers are obviously outcrossing, whereas most populations are small-flowered and modally self-pollinated. It is among the latter that the greatest morphological diversity is found. Often two or more morphologically different, apparently true-breeding strains can be found growing together. In such a variable complex, recognition of infraspecific taxa becomes arbitrary. In this treatment the striking morphological differences associated with breeding behavior have been used as a basis for subspecies recognition. At some localities the two subspecies intergrade.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Gayophytum humile is most similar to the allotetraploid G. racemosum and, on the basis of morphology, may be one of its parents. The two species are most distinct in their mature capsules; in G. humile the two lateral valves remain attached to the septum at dehiscence, whereas in G. racemosum all four valves separate from the septum at dehiscence.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Key
1. Petals 3–5(–7) mm; sepals 2–3(–5) mm; stigma usually exserted beyond anthers of longer stamens at anthesis.
subsp. diffusum
1. Petals 1.2–3 mm; sepals 0.9–2 mm; stigma surrounded by anthers at anthesis.
subsp. parviflorum
Source FNA vol. 10. FNA vol. 10.
Parent taxa Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Gayophytum Onagraceae > subfam. Onagroideae > tribe Onagreae > Gayophytum
Sibling taxa
G. decipiens, G. eriospermum, G. heterozygum, G. humile, G. oligospermum, G. racemosum, G. ramosissimum
G. decipiens, G. diffusum, G. eriospermum, G. heterozygum, G. oligospermum, G. racemosum, G. ramosissimum
Subordinate taxa
G. diffusum subsp. diffusum, G. diffusum subsp. parviflorum
Synonyms Gayophytumnuttallii torrey
Name authority Torrey & A. Gray: Fl. N. Amer. 1: 513. (1840) A. Jussieu: Ann. Sci. Nat. (Paris) 25: 18, plate 4. (1832)
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