Flora of North America species comparison

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Gaultheria

Gaultheria procumbens

gaultheria, salal, snowberry, wintergreen

American wintergreen, boxberry, checkerberry, eastern spicy-wintergreen, eastern teaberry, wintergreen
Habit Shrubs or subshrubs, (sometimes rhizomatous or stoloniferous and rooting at nodes). Subshrubs, creeping, not mat-forming, rhizomatous or stoloniferous; adventitious roots absent.
Stems

erect or procumbent;

twigs glabrous or hairy.

decumbent, branches ascending, 5–20 cm, lanate, glabrescent.
Leaves

persistent, aromatic;

blade ovate, elliptic, or orbiculate to subcordate or reniform, coriaceous, margins serrate, crenate, or ciliate, plane or revolute, surfaces glabrous or hairy;

venation reticulodromous or brochidodromous.

blades (pale green abaxially, bright green, glaucous adaxially), obovate to oval or orbiculate, 1.5–4.5 cm, base cuneate to rounded, margins serrate (teeth bristle-tipped), (slightly revolute), apex acute to rounded or obtuse, rarely mucronate, surfaces sparsely hairy (hairs unbranched).
Inflorescences

axillary, racemes, 2–12-flowered, sometimes flowers solitary; (bracteoles closely subtending flowers).

axillary, solitary flowers or with 2–3 nodding flowers per node;

bracts reddish, cordate, distinctly concave, 1–2 mm, not exceeding sepals, ciliate marginally.
Pedicels

pinkish, 1–3 mm, lanate;

bracteoles absent.
Flowers

sepals (4–)5, connate basally to nearly their entire lengths, (sometimes exceeding petals), ovate, deltate, or cordate;

petals (4–)5, connate ca. 1/2 to nearly their entire lengths, white or cream to pink, corolla urceolate to campanulate, lobes much shorter than tube;

stamens 8 or 10, included, (inserted at base of ovary);

filaments straight, flattened, usually widest proximally, glabrous or hairy, sometimes papillose, without spurs;

anthers with 2–4 awns or without awns, dehiscent by pores with ventral slits, (white disintegration tissue present dorsally along connective);

pistil 4–5-carpellate;

ovary 5-locular;

stigma truncate or capitate.

sepals 5, connate 1/2 to nearly their entire lengths, white, cordate, 2.5–3.5 mm, ciliate marginally;

petals 5, connate nearly their entire lengths, white, 8–10 mm, adaxial surface lanate-hairy, corolla urceolate, lobes 1 mm;

filaments (pinkish), slightly widened proximally, lanate-tomentose;

anthers with 2 apical awns (awns not bifurcating), dehiscent by subterminal pores proximal to awns.
Fruits

capsular, 5-valved, globose, fleshy, (surrounded by persistent, fleshy calyx).

bright red to reddish violet, 6–9 mm wide.
Seeds

20–80+, ovoid;

testa smooth.

x

= 11, 12, 13.

2n

= 44, 88.

Gaultheria

Gaultheria procumbens
Phenology Flowering Jun–Sep; fruiting Sep–Jan.
Habitat Mixed woodlands, mesic forests, dry, acidic woodlands, powerline rights-of-way, roadbanks, old pastures, coniferous woodlands, maritime heathlands, montane heath balds, bogs and fens, usually in acidic and/or sandy soils
Elevation 0-1500 m (0-4900 ft)
Distribution
from USDA
North America; Mexico; Central America; South America; West Indies (Hispaniola, Windward Islands); e Asia; Pacific Islands (New Zealand); Australia (including Tasmania); mostly temperate or montane in tropical latitudes
[BONAP county map]
from FNA
AL; CT; DC; DE; GA; IL; IN; KY; MA; MD; ME; MI; MN; NC; NH; NJ; NY; OH; PA; RI; SC; TN; VA; VT; WI; WV; MB; NB; NF; NS; ON; PE; QC
[WildflowerSearch map]
[BONAP county map]
Discussion

Species ca. 115 (6 in the flora).

Gaultheria is characterized by its fruit and by the stamens having flattened filaments and awned anthers. All of the species are woody to varying degrees; the growth form varies from erect or spreading shrubs to procumbent or creeping and mat-forming. Eastern Asia and the Andes mountains of South America are centers of diversity for this genus.

In North America, the fruits and leaves of Gaultheria are a food source for wildlife, and native peoples have medicinal and food uses for some species. Oil of wintergreen (methyl salicylate) is found in the leaves and fruits of some species.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)

Although common or abundant in most of its range, Gaultheria procumbens has been listed as endangered in Illinois.

(Discussion copyrighted by Flora of North America; reprinted with permission.)
Key
1. Erect or creeping shrubs; inflorescences racemes
→ 2
1. Creeping or spreading shrubs or subshrubs; inflorescences solitary flowers or with 2-3 flowers per node
→ 3
2. Leaf blades 1.5-3.5 cm; peduncles and pedicles sparsely hairy; sepals glabrous; fruits white.
G. pyroloides
2. Leaf blades 4-8+ cm; peduncles and pedicels densely glandular-hairy; sepals glandular-hairy (hairs reddish); fruits black-purple.
G. shallon
3. Plants creeping, mat-forming, roots adventitious or fibrous; stems repent, usually densely strigose or hirtellous, sometimes glabrous
→ 4
3. Plants creeping or spreading, not mat-forming, adventitious roots absent; stems decumbent, branches ascending to erect, lanate, often glabrescent
→ 5
4. Stems densely strigose; leaf blades 0.3-1 cm; flowers 4-merous; anthers with 2 bifurcating awns; fruits white.
G. hispidula
4. Stems usually hirtellous, sometimes glabrous; leaf blades 1-2.5 cm; flowers 5-merous; anthers without awns; fruits red.
G. humifusa
5. Leaf blades ovate to subcordate; bracteoles 1-3 pairs; petals 3-4 mm; filaments glabrous, base with rounded, auriclelike projections; anthers without awns; w North America.
G. ovatifolia
5. Leaf blades obovate to oval or orbiculate; bracteoles absent; petals 8-10 mm; filaments lanate-tomentose, base slightly widened; anthers with 2 awns; e North America.
G. procumbens
Source FNA vol. 8, p. 512. Author: Debra K. Trock. FNA vol. 8, p. 514.
Parent taxa Ericaceae > subfam. Vaccinioideae Ericaceae > subfam. Vaccinioideae > Gaultheria
Sibling taxa
G. hispidula, G. humifusa, G. ovatifolia, G. pyroloides, G. shallon
Subordinate taxa
G. hispidula, G. humifusa, G. ovatifolia, G. procumbens, G. pyroloides, G. shallon
Name authority Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 395. (1753): Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 187. 1754 , Linnaeus: Sp. Pl. 1: 395. 1753 ,
Web links 
Unless otherwise noted, all data comes from the online version of the Flora of North America, who have made most of their content available via a Creative Commons license (CC BY 4.0).



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